1. Storage and File Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Volatile storage: ___

Example: ___

A

Loses contents when power is switched off

RAM

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2
Q

Non-Volatile storage: ___

Example: ___

A

Contents persist even when power is switched off

ROM (HDD)

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3
Q

Storage Hierarchy (6 levels)

A
Cache
Main Memory (RAM)
Flash Memory (flash drive and SSD)
Magnetic Memory (HDD)
Optical Disk (CDs or DVDs)
Magnetic Tapes
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4
Q

On an HDD each surface of a ___ is divided into ___ that are divided into ___

A

Platter
Tracks
Sectors

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5
Q

On an HDD a sector is the smallest unit of ___ that can be ___

A

Data

Read or written

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6
Q

On an HDD a disk controller represents the ___ between the ___ and the ___

A

Interfaces
Computer System
Disk Drive Hardware

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7
Q

Access time is the time it takes ___

A

From when a read or write request is issued to when data transfer begins

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8
Q

Seek time is the time it takes to ___

A

Reposition the arm over the correct track

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9
Q

Rotational latency is the time it takes for ___

A

The sector to be accessed to appear under the head

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10
Q

Data-transfer rate is the rate at which ___

A

Data can be retrieved from or stored to the disk

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11
Q

Disk block is a ___

A

A logical unit for storage allocation and retrieval0

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12
Q

Sequential access pattern represents:
1- Successive Requests are for ____
2- Disk seek required for ___

A

1- Successive disk block

2- First block only

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13
Q

Sequential access pattern represents:
1- Successive Requests are for ____
2- Disk seek required for ___

Transfer rates are low since a lot of time is wasted in ___

A

1- Blocks that can be anywhere on the disk
2- Each access
# Seeks

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14
Q

I/O operations per second (IOPS) represents the ___

A

Number of random block reads that a disk can support per second

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15
Q

Mean time to failure (MTTF) represents the average time the ___

A

Disk is expected to run continuously without any failure

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16
Q

Disk is expected to run continuously without any failure

A

Disk organization techniques that manage a large numbers of disks

17
Q

RAID provide a view of a single disk of:
1- High ___ and high ____ by using multiple disks in ____
2- High ___ by storing data ___, so that data can be recovered if a disk ____

A

1- Capacity / Speed / Parallel

2- Reliability / Redundantly / Fails

18
Q

Mirroring is the process of ___

A

Duplicating every disk

19
Q

Block-level striping relies on ___

A

Writing consecutive blocks on different disks, in the hopes of running requests in parallel in the future

20
Q

RAID 0: ___
RAID 1: ___
RAID 5: ___
RAID 6: ___

A

0 - Block Stripping
1 - Morrored Disks
5 - Block-Interleaved Distributed Parity
6 - Equal to 5 but stores two error correction blocks (P,Q) instead of a single parity block

21
Q
When to choose each level of RAID?
0 - \_\_\_
1 - \_\_\_
5 - \_\_\_
6 - \_\_\_
A

0 - Data safety is not important
1 - Better write perfomance than 5 but higher storage cost
5 - For applications where writes are sequential and large, and need high storage
6 - Data safety is very important

22
Q

File organization in a ___ manner bennefits ___

A

Sequential

Disk block access

23
Q

HDD speeds benefit from ___

A

Sequential Data

24
Q

In terms of seek time, SSDs ___

A

do not have it

25
Q

RAID means ___

A

redundant arrays of independent disks

26
Q

RAID can help improve:

  • Reliability via ___
  • Performance via ___
A

. Redundancy (several copies)

. Parallelism

27
Q

RAID level 0 refers to disk arrays with striping at the ____

but without any ___

A

. level of blocks

. redundancy

28
Q

RAID level 1 refers to disk ____ with block stripping

A

mirroring

29
Q

RAID level 5 refers to ___

A

block-interleaved distributed parity

30
Q

Types of hardware failures:

  • Latent ___
  • Data ____
  • Hot ___
A

Failures
Scrubbing
Swapping

31
Q

Techniques to Optimize Disk-Block Acess:

  • B___
  • R___
  • D___
  • F___
A

Buffering
Read-ahead
Disk-arm-scheduling
File organization

32
Q

Fixed-Length Records represent records with ___, while Variable-Length Records arise in the form of ___, record types that allow ___ and record types that allow ___

A

Fixed size
Multiple records
Variable length (like strings)
Repeating fields

33
Q

Heap file Organization places records ___

A

Anywhere in the file system where there is free space

34
Q

Sequential File Organization places records ___

A

in a sequential order according to a search-key

35
Q

In Table partitioning, records in a relation can be ___ that are ___

A

Partitioned into smaller relations

Stored separately

36
Q

Data dictionary stores metadata such as:

  • Information about ___
  • ___ and accounting information
  • ___ and descriptive data
  • Physical file ___ information
  • Information about ___
A
Relations
User
Statistical
Organization
Indices
37
Q

The buffer manager is responsible for giving ___ from ___ to ___

A

Blocks
Disk
Programs

38
Q

Column-Oriented Storage store each attribute of a relation ___

A

Separately