1+Sociolinguistics

Question 1

psycholinguistics

Answer 1

scientific study of language as it is represented in the mind/brain

Question 2

Universal Grammar

Answer 2

the idea that certain aspects of our knowledge and understanding are innate, part of our biological endowment, genetically determined, on a par with the elements of our common nature that causes us to grow arms and legs rather than wings; language is an organ of the body

Question 3

poverty of stimulus

Answer 3

quality of information available in the input is too meagre to account for the rich system of language that children acquire

Question 4

globules

Answer 4

a word is a pool of meaning atoms or a bundle of features

Question 5

semantic primitives

Answer 5

semantic concepts that are argued to be innately understood by all people but impossible to express in simpler terms

Question 6

lexeme

Answer 6

phonological form

Question 7

lemma

Answer 7

semantic and syntactic info

Question 8

neighborhood effect

Answer 8

words that have a lots of connections are accessed earlier

Question 9

associative network

Answer 9

In associative network models, memory is construed as a metaphorical network of cognitive concepts (e.g., objects, events and ideas) interconnected by links

Question 10

lexical bias effect

Answer 10

tendency for phonological substitution errors to result in existing words at a rate higher than would be predicted by chance

Question 11

theory of mind

Answer 11

capacity to understand other people by ascribing mental states to them (that is, surmising what is happening in their mind). This includes the knowledge that others’ mental states may be different from one’s own state

Question 12

implicatures

Answer 12

something the speaker suggests or implies

Question 13

pragmatics vs semantics

Answer 13

semantics is meaning of language; pragmatics is use of those meanings

Question 14

language module or language faculty

Answer 14

hypothetical structure in the human brain which is thought to contain innate capacities for language

Question 15

generative grammar

Answer 15

considers grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language

Question 16

Semantic satiation

Answer 16

is a psychological phenomenon in which repetition causes a word or phrase to temporarily lose meaning for the listener

Question 17

locus

Answer 17

the place where something happens or the central area of interest in something being discussed

Question 18

gating

Answer 18

presenting increasingly long fragments of speech and measuring when listeners can interpret speech appropriately

Question 19

shadowing

Answer 19

subjects repeat speech at a delay to the onset of hearing the phrase; how long does the brain take to process and produce speech

Question 20

standard language

Answer 20

is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage

Question 21

negative concord

Answer 21

double negatives, is a phenomenon in which more than one negative element occurs in a sentence, but the sentence is interpreted as only being negated once.

Question 22

indexical field

Answer 22

constitute a field of potential meanings

Question 23

indexicality

Answer 23

phenomenon of a sign pointing to (or indexing) some object in the context in which it occurs

Question 24

Code-switching

Answer 24

speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation

Question 25

diglossia

Answer 25

situation in which two dialects or languages are used (in fairly strict compartmentalization) by a single language community.

Question 26

pidgin

Answer 26

a language that has developed from a mixture of two languages. It is used as a way of communicating by people who do not speak each other’s languages.

Question 27

creole

Answer 27

a language that has developed from a mixture of languages:

Question 28

Home sign

Answer 28

Home sign (or kitchen sign) is a gestural communication system, often invented spontaneously by a deaf child who lacks accessible linguistic input.

Question 29

iconicity

Answer 29

is the conceived similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning

Question 30

structuralism

Answer 30

schools or theories in which language is conceived as a self-contained, self-regulating semiotic system whose elements are defined by their relationship to other elements within the system

Question 31

Semiotics

Answer 31

study of sign processes (semiosis) and meaning making. Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, where a sign is defined as anything that communicates something, usually called a meaning, to the sign’s interpreter

Question 32

Formalism

Answer 32

A theory, a rule, a definition, or the like is to be called formal when no reference is made in it either to the meaning of the symbols (for example, the words) or to the sense of the expressions (e.g. the sentences), but simply and solely to the kinds and order of the symbols from which the expressions are constructed

Question 33

Glossematics

Answer 33

is an early mathematical methodology for the analysis of language which was subsequently incorporated into the analytical foundation of current models of functional—structural grammar

Question 34

Distributionalism

Answer 34

general theory of language and a discovery procedure for establishing elements and structures of language based on observed usage. It can be seen as an elaboration of structuralism but takes a more computational approach.

Question 35

Functional linguistics

Answer 35

approach to the study of language characterized by taking systematically into account the speaker’s and the hearer’s side, and the communicative needs of the speaker and of the given language community.

Question 36

Cognitive grammar

Answer 36

In this system, grammar is not a formal system operating independently of meaning. Rather, grammar is itself meaningful and inextricable from semantics.

Question 37

Usage-based linguistics

Answer 37

assumes a profound relation between linguistic structure and usage.It challenges the dominant focus, in 20th century linguistics on considering language as an isolated system removed from its use in human interaction and human cognition.

Question 38

Systemic functional linguistics

Answer 38

considers language as a social semiotic system. central theoretical principle is then that any act of communication involves choices. Language is above all a system; SFL maps the choices available in any language variety using its representation tool of a “system network”.

Question 39

Syntagmatic analysis

Answer 39

is analysis of syntax or surface structure (syntagmatic structure) as opposed to paradigms (paradigmatic analysis). one element selects the other element either to precede it or to follow it. For example, the definitive article “the” selects a noun and not a verb.

Question 40

Paradigmatic analysis

Answer 40

is the analysis of paradigms embedded in the text rather than of the surface structure (syntax) of the text which is termed syntagmatic analysis.

Question 41

commutation tests

Answer 41

i.e. analysis by substituting words of the same type or class to calibrate shifts in connotation

Question 42

Semiosis

Answer 42

or sign process, is any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning. A sign is anything that communicates a meaning, that is not the sign itself, to the interpreter of the sign.

Question 42

Semiosphere

Answer 42

is an idea in biosemiotic theory proposing that, contrary to ideas of nature determining sense and experience, the phenomenal world is a creative and logical structure of processes of semiosis where signs operate together to produce sense and experience.

Question 43

thinking for speaking

Answer 43

idea that a particular language forces its
speakers to pay attention to certain aspects of scenes
of experience for purposes of semantic and grammatical encoding in the native language in question. In
other words, language is one form that cognition
takes, and the ideas we wish to express must conform
to the linguistic conventions of a given language

Question 44

shell noun

Answer 44

abstract noun that, in a particular context, conveys or refers to a complex idea. A shell noun can be identified on the basis of its behavior in an individual clause, not on the basis of its inherent lexical meaning. Also called container noun and carrier noun.