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BDS3 Anatomy > 1. Skull Vault and cervical spine > Flashcards

1. Skull Vault and cervical spine Flashcards

1
Q

skull vault a.k.a

A

calvaria

roof of cranial cavity

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2
Q

norma verticalis

A

view of skull from above

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3
Q

norma frontalis

A

view of skull from front

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4
Q

norma lateralis

A

view of skull from side

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5
Q

normal occipitaris

A

view of skull from behind

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6
Q

frontal eminence

A

left and right sides (yellow)

most prominent part of upper forehead

similar curvature to rest of bone - more likely male

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7
Q

frontal bone in young child

A

young child (2-3 years) is in 2 halves which fuse together by school age

8% have 2 halves for life

metopic suture in between

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8
Q

parietal bones

A

over the parietal lobes of brain (yellow)

right and left

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9
Q

parietal eminence

A

sides of skull (orange)

curvature similar to rest of skull - more likely male

more markedly curved - more likely female

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10
Q

sutures

A

fibrous joints join bone of skull together

unossidied parts of membrane

assisting parts of membrane

serrated interlocking pattern

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11
Q

coronal suture

A

from side to side

separates frontal bone from 2 parietal bones

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12
Q

sagittal suture

A

front to back - like sagittal plane

midline of coronal suture to occiptal bone

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13
Q

anterior fontanelle

A

child of 18-24 months has a diamond shaped opening called anterior fontanelle

closes completely at 2 years

metopic suture (between 2 halves of frontal bone) meets coronal and sagittal sutures

soft point

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14
Q

ossification of skull

A

Bones of skull form a membrane in embryo

  • Intramembranous ossification

Membrane forms from mesenchyme

  • Mesenchymal differentiate into osteoblasts and lay down the bone

No cartilage precursor in vault of skul

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15
Q

parietal foramen

A

Carries vein from veins in skull to veins inside head

Venous communication between inside and outside of cranial cavity

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16
Q

lambdoid suture

A

joins sagittal suture

Upside down V

Like Greek letter Lambda

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17
Q

sutural/Wormian bones

A

islands of bones seen in sutures

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18
Q

sutures use in fetal life

A

Grow as new bone being laid on outside and resorbed at inside

  • Can occur at sutures

Thin bones at time of birth, sutures allow little movement of skull so baby’s head can pass through birth canal

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19
Q

occipital bone

A

at rear of skull

Lambdoid suture separates parietal and occipital

Part in vault of skull

  • Squamous part of occipital bone

Part in base of skull

  • Basilar part

below occipital protuberence

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20
Q

external occipital protuberence

A

most posterior part of skull

muscles of neck attach below that

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21
Q

frontal bone

A

Forehead and roof

Gabela – midline front above bridge of nose

Coronal suture separates from parietal bones

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22
Q

temporal bone

A

Passage of time – hear goes grey at this area first

Squamous part

  • Flat piece on side of vault of skull

Zygomatic process

  • Comes forward – meets zygomatic bone at suture
  • Zygomaticotemporal suture

Mastoid part

  • Rear on outside

Mastoid process - behind ear

  • Helps differentiate sex – males larger than females in general
  • Forms at age of 2

External acoustic metauts with bone on outside tempanic plate

  • Styloid process - Long bone process done to mandible

Petrymastoid parts

  • Dense bone inside skull
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23
Q

sphenoid bones

A

butterfly shaped

greater and lesser wings

lies on floor of cranial cavity across midline

extends to side of skull and contributes to normal lateralis - greater wing

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24
Q

pterion

A

sutures join in H shape

Means wing, like Mercury God

Thin area of skull – can be easily broken

  • Middle meningeal artery run in grove below this

Extradural haemorrhage risk

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25
Q

temporal process of zygmatic bone

A
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26
Q

zygomatic process of temporal bone

A
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27
Q

tympanic plate

A
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28
Q

superior and inferior temporal lines

A

faint

For temporalis muscles attachment to inferior line

Dense fascia covers the temporalis muscle to superior line

Lines downwards is temporal fossa where temporalis muscle lies

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29
Q

zygomaticofacial foramen

A

sensual nerve onto zygoma

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30
Q

bregma

A

point where coronal and sagittal sutures meet

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31
Q

maxilla

A

upper jaw

right and left sieds joined by suture

contributes to part of nasal aperture and lower mesial side to oribital margins and floor of orbit

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32
Q

right and left nasal bones

A

small thin bones

attached to frontal bones maxilla and each other

can be easily broken

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33
Q

nasal aperture

A

upper edges formed by nasal bones

pear shaped

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34
Q

zygomatic bones

A

prominent part of cheek

lateral wall of orbit

can feel frontal zygomaticofacial suture on palate

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35
Q

mandible in fetus

A

in 2 halves - joined by fibrous joint so single by birth

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36
Q

bones inside eye

A
  • sphenoid bone
  • lacrimal bone
  • ethmoid bones

not part of normal frontalis

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37
Q

supra orbital foramen

A

Notch or hole

Supraorbital nerve - Sensory nerve to forehead, branch of CNV3 ophthalmic

  • Sensation and blood supply in parallel to forehead
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38
Q

infraoribital foramen

A

infraorbital nerve

sensory nerve to front of cheek, side of nose, lower eyelid and upper lip and gingivae, continuation of CNV2 maxillary division

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39
Q

mental foramen

A

Coming out of mandible

Inferior alveolar nerve – CNV3 mandibular division – runs in bone and comes out as mental nerve at premolar teeth region

Sensory nerve to skin of chin, lower lip and gingiva

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40
Q

state of tooth loss

A

Healed sockets antemortem -mandible

Open socket postmortem – maxilla

41
Q

punch on front of face can cause

A

bruise to infraoribital nerve as large foramen

numbness to fronot of face

42
Q

typical cervical vertebrae

A

C3-6

43
Q

body of typical cervical vertebrae

A

Not flat

Curved from side to side

  • Sides rise higher than central
44
Q

vertebrae foramen

A

vertical cervical cord surrounded by meninges

outside of meninges is fat and venous plexus

45
Q

vertebra arch

A

behind foramen

made of

  • pedicle
  • lamina
46
Q

spinous process

A

posterior to vertebra

cervical splits into 2 - bifid

47
Q

transverse process

A

side of vertebra

Has hole – foramen transversarium

  • Carries vertebral artery in C1 to C6
    • Not C7

In front of hole – costal element

  • Equivalent of rib at lower levels (reduced in Cervical section)
48
Q

intervertebral discs

A
  • Fibrous cartilage

Classified as secondary fibrocartilage joint/symphysis

  • Bone, fibrocartilage, bone
49
Q

what joins vertebrae together

A

facets

Covered by cartilage

  • Smooth surface

Superior to inferior above

Synovial joint

  • Capsule lined by synovial membrane inside the joint
  • Synovial fluid

Subject to diseases

  • Osteoarthritis
  • Osteophytes – osteoarthritis disease of bony projection
50
Q

diseases in vertebrae

A

Osteoarthritis

Osteophytes – osteoarthritis disease of bony projection

  • pain due to osteophytes at pedicle – press on nerve and radiate onto upper limb if after C5
51
Q

how do spinal nerves leave spinal canal

A

by passing over the pedicle bone

52
Q

changes in grove for nerve

A

gets larger as go down the spine as nerves inc in size (begin to form the brachial plexus)

53
Q

atlas

A

C1

atypical

no ventral body

  • has anterior arch of atlas (bar of bones)

no spinous process

wider transverse process

54
Q

axis

A

c2

atypical

Bony peginate

  • Odontoid process a.k.a Dens - Looks like canine

Held up against inside of anterior arch of atlas

  • Ligaments pass behind that
  • Transverse ligament of head

Rotate head

  • Most of movement from between the atlas and axis

C2 has a large transverse process – not bifid

55
Q

rotation of head

A

Most of movement from between the atlas and axis

Synovial joint of pivot variety

  • Atlas can turn around dens

Facets between atlas and axis are flat to allow rotation to take place

56
Q

C3, 4, 5, 6

A

TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

  • Concave body
  • Tranverse process – before nerve splits into ventral and dorsal rami
  • Superior articular facet
  • Lamina
  • Pedicle
  • Bifid spinous process
  • Notch reflects level of vertebra – larger as down
57
Q

C7

A

atypical

Obvious large spinous process

  • Not bifid
  • Like thoracic spinous process

Vertebral Artery doesn’t pass through foramen transversarium (has one though)

58
Q

where is upper cervical spine

A

directly behind oral cavity

59
Q

what is this

A

dens of axis C2

helpful to ID

60
Q

what is this

A

flat articular facets of C2

61
Q

what is this

A

body of C2

62
Q

what is this

A

C3

63
Q

what is this

A

lateral parts of axis

64
Q

atalantoaxial joint

A

Cartilage covering bones creates joint space

No evidence of arthritis here

65
Q

what is this

A

transverse process of atlas

wide and feel behind lower of ramus of mandible

66
Q

what is this on lateral x ray of cervical spine

A

body of axis

67
Q

what is this on lateral x ray of cervical spine

A

anterior arch of atlas resting against dens to allow pivot rotation

68
Q

what is this on lateral x ray of cervical spine

A

posteiror arch of atlas

not a spinous process

69
Q

what is this on lateral x ray of cervical spine

A

C6

70
Q

what is this

A

intervertebral foramen

opening between 2 vertebrae

spinal nerve through

71
Q

cervical nerve exits points

C1

A

over atlas

72
Q

cervical nerve exits points

C2

A

between atlas and axis

73
Q

cervical nerve exits points

C3

A

between C2 and C3

74
Q

cervical nerve exits points

C4

A

between C3 and C4

75
Q

cervical nerve exits points

C5

A

between C4 and C5

76
Q

cervical nerve exits points

C6

A

between C5 and C6

77
Q

cervical nerve exit points

C7

A

between C6 and C7

78
Q

cervical nerve exit points

C8

A

between C7 and T1

79
Q

cervical nerve exit points

T1

A

T1 comes out below pedical of T1 and so on

80
Q

cervical lordosis

A

vertebral coloum is curved so convex forwards

81
Q

carnium

A

top part of bony box for brain

82
Q

organs in front of cervical spine

A
  • Air passage – nasal and oral passages
  • Oesophagus
  • Thyroid gland

Organs tend to be in midline and out to the side is blood vessels and lymphatics (vascular arrangements) along with Cranial Nerves

83
Q

glasgow coma scale

A

how deeply unconscious the pt is

Response to pain

  • Press on supra-orbital notch

Third along orbit from midline – dull drilling pain

84
Q

zygomatic buttress/process of maxilla

A

towards the zygomatic bone

  • Obvious in dental radiology
85
Q

bragma

A

the coronal suture and sagittal suture meet

86
Q

vertex

A

highest point of skull

87
Q

emissary vein exits

A

parietal foramen

venous connection bewteen inside and outside skull

infection in skull, potential route of spread into cranial cavity

88
Q

most curved partietal eminence likely

A

female

89
Q

simiarl curvature for parietal and frontal eminence likely

A

male

90
Q

locations of squamous and basilar points of occipital bone

A

squamous at back

basilar towards foramen magnum

91
Q

external occiptal protuberence

A

bulge at most posterior of head

inion: middle point of the external occiptal protuberence

92
Q

inion

A

middle point of external occipital protuberence

93
Q

zygomatic arch

A

zygomatic process of temporal and temporal process of zygomatic bone

  • Can fracture
94
Q

what holds the dens in place

A

ligaments

– loosening of ligament dangerous, hold tightly but allow dens to swivel (pivot joint)

95
Q

what is this

A

dens

96
Q

what is this

A

C4

97
Q

C1-3 location in relation to front of body

A

C1 and C2 behind mouth

C3 at hyoid bone

98
Q

fratcure of front of cranial cavity

dabbing fluid at nose

A

could be draining cerebral spinal fluid, olfactory nerves can be broken, escape into nasal cavity – sample and send to biochemistry

Mucous sticky fluid – carbohydrates/glycoproteins (unlike CSF – more water based)

Frontal sinus exposure potential, floor of anterior cranial cavity breached as well as dura – possible ingress of bacteria into meninges then meningitis risk

BDS3 Anatomy (2 decks)

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