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HRM > 1 - Second Half of Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

1 - Second Half of Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What role does LH have, after ovulation, to increase the production of progesteron?

A

Maintain corpus luteum

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2
Q

Post-ovulation, thecal cells become what cell?

A

Small lutein cells

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3
Q

What do small lutein cells produce?

A

Progesterone

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4
Q

Post-ovulation, granulosa cells become what cell?

A

Large lutein cells

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5
Q

What do large lutein cells produce?

A

Progesterone

+ little bit of estrogen

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6
Q

In the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, what effect does high progesterone levels have?

A

Inhibits further proliferation

Stimulates decidualisation (differentiation)

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7
Q

Specifically, what three changes occur with decidualisation?

A

Tortuous gland development + secretion

Stromal oedema

Maturation of spiral arteries

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8
Q

What change to the cervical mucus does progesterone elicit?

A

Mucus thickening

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9
Q

Progesterone acts on what endometrial cell to inhibit the effects of estrogen?

A

PR receptor on stromal cells

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10
Q

In what manner / pattern is the endometrium shed in menstruation?

A

Staged pattern

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11
Q

What 2 reasons is the endometrium shed in a staged pattern?

A

Minimise risk of infection and heamorrhage

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12
Q

What term is used to describe this staged shedding pattern?

A

Zonal shedding

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13
Q

What two processes occur in menstruation?

A

Vascular changes

Matrix degradation

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14
Q

The 2 processes occur for menstruation to happen?

A

Vasoconstriction of spiral arteries

Matrix degradation

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15
Q

What effect does vasoconstriction of these spiral arteries result in ?

A

Subsequent vasodilation as a result of tissue ischaemia.

Mediated by prostaglandins, endothelins, nitric oxide.

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16
Q

Matrix degradation occurs through the expression of what enzyme?

A

Matrix metalloproteinases

17
Q

What MMPs do the endometrial stroma produce?

A

MMP-1, 2, 3

18
Q

What MMP does the endometrial epithelium produce?

A

MMP-7

19
Q

Which hormone are both stromal and epithelial MMPs regulated by?

What effect does falling hormone levels have?

A

Progesterone

Decreasing progesterone permits action of MMPs.

20
Q

Invading immune cells produce what two products to aid this process?

A

MMPs

Cytokines

21
Q

What cell provides the source for cellular repair following menstruation?

A

Stromal progenitor cells

22
Q

Where are stromal progenitor cells found?

A

Within zona basalis

23
Q

Histologically, what type of cell is a stromal progenitor cell?

A

Glandular columnar cell

24
Q

In the case of pregnancy, which hormone maintains the longevity of the corpus luteum?

A

hCG

25
Q

On what structure does hCG work?

A

Receptors on the corpus luteum

26
Q

Overall goal of hCG?

A

Maintain production of progesterone

27
Q

What part of the incoming blastocyst produces hCG?

A

Trophectoderm

HRM (9 decks)

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