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MTH128 > 1 | SAMPLING AND DATA > Flashcards

1 | SAMPLING AND DATA Flashcards

1
Q

Average

A

also called mean; a number that describes the central tendency of the data

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2
Q

Blinding

A

not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving

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3
Q

Categorical Variable

A

variables that take on values that are names or labels

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4
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

a method for selecting a random sample and dividing the population into groups (clusters); use simple random sampling to select a set of clusters. Every individual in the chosen clusters is included in the sample.

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5
Q

Continuous Random Variable

A

a random variable (RV) whose outcomes are measured; the height of trees in the
forest is a continuous RV.

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6
Q

Control Group

A

a group in a randomized experiment that receives an inactive treatment but is otherwise managed
exactly as the other groups

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7
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

a nonrandom method of selecting a sample; this method selects individuals that are easily
accessible and may result in biased data.

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8
Q

Cumulative Relative Frequency

A

The term applies to an ordered set of observations from smallest to largest. The
cumulative relative frequency is the sum of the relative frequencies for all values that are less than or equal to the given value.

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9
Q

Data

A

a set of observations (a set of possible outcomes); most data can be put into two groups: qualitative or quantitative

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10
Q

qualitative data

A

an attribute whose value is indicated by a label

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11
Q

quantitative data

A

an attribute whose value is indicated by a number

Can be separated into two subgroups: discrete and continuous

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12
Q

discrete quantitative data

A 
Data is discrete if it is the result of
counting (such as the number of students of a given ethnic group in a class or the number of books on a shelf)
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13
Q

continuous quantitative data

A

Data is continuous if it is the result of measuring (such as distance traveled or weight of luggage)

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14
Q

Discrete Random Variable

A

a random variable (RV) whose outcomes are counted

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15
Q

Double-blinding

A

the act of blinding both the subjects of an experiment and the researchers who work with the subjects

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16
Q

Experimental Unit

A

any individual or object to be measured

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17
Q

Explanatory Variable

A

the independent variable in an experiment; the value controlled by researchers

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18
Q

Frequency

A

the number of times a value of the data occurs

19
Q

Informed Consent

A

Any human subject in a research study must be cognizant of any risks or costs associated with the
study. The subject has the right to know the nature of the treatments included in the study, their potential risks, and their potential benefits. Consent must be given freely by an informed, fit participant.

20
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

a committee tasked with oversight of research programs that involve human subjects

21
Q

Lurking Variable

A

a variable that has an effect on a study even though it is neither an explanatory variable nor a
response variable

22
Q

Nonsampling Error

A

an issue that affects the reliability of sampling data other than natural variation; it includes a variety of human errors including poor study design, biased sampling methods, inaccurate information provided by study participants, data entry errors, and poor analysis.

23
Q

Numerical Variable

A

variables that take on values that are indicated by numbers

24
Q

Parameter

A

a number that is used to represent a population characteristic and that generally cannot be determined easily

25
Q

Placebo

A

an inactive treatment that has no real effect on the explanatory variable

26
Q

Population

A

all individuals, objects, or measurements whose properties are being studied

27
Q

Probability

A

a number between zero and one, inclusive, that gives the likelihood that a specific event will occur

28
Q

Proportion

A

the number of successes divided by the total number in the sample

29
Q

Random Assignment

A

the act of organizing experimental units into treatment groups using random methods

30
Q

Random Sampling

A

a method of selecting a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of
being selected.

31
Q

Relative Frequency

A

the ratio of the number of times a value of the data occurs in the set of all outcomes to the number
of all outcomes to the total number of outcomes

32
Q

Representative Sample

A

a subset of the population that has the same characteristics as the population

33
Q

Response Variable

A

the dependent variable in an experiment; the value that is measured for change at the end of an experiment

34
Q

Sample

A

a subset of the population studied

35
Q

Sampling Bias

A

not all members of the population are equally likely to be selected

36
Q

Sampling Error

A

the natural variation that results from selecting a sample to represent a larger population; this variation
decreases as the sample size increases, so selecting larger samples reduces sampling error.

37
Q

Sampling with Replacement

A

Once a member of the population is selected for inclusion in a sample, that member is
returned to the population for the selection of the next individual.

38
Q

Sampling without Replacement

A

A member of the population may be chosen for inclusion in a sample only once. If
chosen, the member is not returned to the population before the next selection.

39
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A

a straightforward method for selecting a random sample; give each member of the population a number. Use a random number generator to select a set of labels. These randomly selected labels identify the members of your sample.

40
Q

Statistic

A

a numerical characteristic of the sample; a statistic estimates the corresponding population parameter.

41
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

a method for selecting a random sample used to ensure that subgroups of the population are
represented adequately; divide the population into groups (strata). Use simple random sampling to identify a proportionate number of individuals from each stratum.

42
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

a method for selecting a random sample; list the members of the population. Use simple
random sampling to select a starting point in the population. Let k = (number of individuals in the
population)/(number of individuals needed in the sample). Choose every kth individual in the list starting with the
one that was randomly selected. If necessary, return to the beginning of the population list to complete your sample.

43
Q

Treatments

A

different values or components of the explanatory variable applied in an experiment

44
Q

Variable

A

a characteristic of interest for each person or object in a population

MTH128 (3 decks)

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