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Stats 4 > 1. Research Principles > Flashcards

1. Research Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What are some types of epistemological frameworks and what type of methodology do they line up with?

A

Positivism/Realism = quantitative/ scientific method

Contextualism/ Phenomenology/ Constructionism = qualitative

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2
Q

What form of measurement should you go for?

A

Go for the highest form of measurement where possible (numeric over ordinal over nominal)

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of categorical data?

A

Binary (2 categories)

Nominal (more than two categories)

Ordinal (logical rank order: fail, pass, distinction or in a race)

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of continuous data?

A

Interval (equal intervals e.g. 6 & 8 = the difference between 2 & 4)

Ratio (e.g. a score of 16 is double a score of 8- true zero point)

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5
Q

What are the different types of sampling you can use with observation studies?

A

Event (when event occurs)

Time (fixed intervals)

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6
Q

What are some advantages to fully structured observational studies?

A

Systematic
Controlled for confounds
Replication
Constant setting

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7
Q

What are some advantages to naturalistic observational studies?

A

Ecological validity
Rich
Less demanding setting

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8
Q

What are some disadvantages to fully structured observational studies?

A

Lack ecological validity
Not spontaneous
Ethical issues

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9
Q

What are some disadvantages to naturalistic observational studies?

A

Observer obtrusive
No control over confounds
Difficult to replicate
Ethical issues

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10
Q

What is an example of secondary data?

A 
Census data, 
Websites, 
Clinical and police records, 
Organisational records, 
Newspapers and magazines, 
Letters and diaries, 
Research articles
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11
Q

What type of methodology would you use if you were using secondary data?

A

meta-analysis,

qualitative meta-synthesis

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12
Q

What does a case study examine?

A

A single unit of analysis e.g. an individual, organisation, group, intervention

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13
Q

A case study can either be ?

A

Descriptive or Explanatory

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of interviews?

A

Semi-structured
Structured
Unstructured

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15
Q

What do focus groups aim to capture?

A

Understandings, perspectives, stories, discourses and experiences not otherwise meaningfully expressed by numbers

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of a focus group?

A

Requires moderator have good facilitation skills.

Rich data but may be difficult to analyse.

Group processes affect data obtained. Artificial setting

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17
Q

What are some different types of questionnaires?

A 
open-ended 
closed-ended 
categorical 
multiple-response 
ratings (e.g. likert) 
rankings
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18
Q

What is problematic when using questionnaires?

A

The assumption that psychological or emotional quantities can be measured using interval scale

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19
Q

What are quasi-experiments?

A

Experiments where participants can’t be randomly assigned to groups

20
Q

What are some examples of qualitative data collection?

A 
Semi-structured interviews 
Life story, episodic or narrative interviews 
Case studies 
Autobiographical memories 
Focus groups
21
Q

What are some examples of qualitative analyses?

A 
GT
IPA
DA
FDA
Narrative 
MW
22
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing 2 groups of different participants?

A

Independent t-tests

23
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing 3 or more groups of different participants?

A

One way ANOVA

24
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing more than one grouping factor?

A

Factorial ANOVA

25
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing 3 or more groups of the same participants?

A

Repeated measures ANOVA

26
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing more than one repeated measure factor?

A

Factorial repeated measures ANOVA

27
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing both independent and repeated measures groups?

A

Mixed factorial ANOVA

28
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing one or more numeric variables?

A

Correlation (Multiple regression)

29
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing both independent groups and numeric variables?

A

ANCOVA

30
Q

What types (4) of analysis would you use for comparing differences?

A

t-tests
ANOVA
ANCOVA
MANOVA

31
Q

What types (6) of analysis would you use for comparing relationships?

A 
Correlation 
Linear Regression 
Meditational regression 
Logistic regression 
Path Analysis 
SEM
32
Q

What is the shapiro wilk?

A

A correlation between the obtained distribution of scores and what the scores should be if they are distributed normally

33
Q

When is it best to use the Shapiro Wilk statistic?

A

In smaller samples

34
Q

What do we use to measure the normal distribution statistic in larger samples?

A

Kolmogorov-Smirnov

35
Q

What could you do (but isn’t recommended) if you have moderate positive skew?

A

Square root transformation

36
Q

What could you do (but isn’t recommended) if you have severe positive skew?

A

Logarithmic or inverse transformation

37
Q

What could you do (but isn’t recommended) if you have extreme positive skew?

A

Fourth root transformation

38
Q

What could you do (but isn’t recommended) if you have negative skew?

A

Reflex transformation (subtract each score from max score + 1)

39
Q

When is bootstrap a useful alternative to non-parametric estimates?

A

When normality is violated

When homogeneity of variance is violated

When a non-parametric test is not available

40
Q

Which models don’t have equivalent non-parametric tests?

A

Regression models

41
Q

What are the possible strategies for dealing with outliers?

A

Remove (bad)
Trim (okay)
Winsorizing (good)

42
Q

What are the 2 rules for trimming the data?

A 
percentage (e.g. remove 5% from each end)
standard deviation (e.g. greater than 2SD in z scores)
43
Q

What are the 3 types of missing data?

A

MNAR (bad - dependent)
MAR (okay- 1/2 dependent)
MCAR (good - independent)

44
Q

What are the strategies for dealing with missing data?

A

Delete the case (listwise - good - least biased)

Estimate (inflated SE = less power)

Expectation Maximisation (EM - done on totals)

45
Q

What are the 2 types of Estimating Missing data?

A 
Mean substitution (BAD)
Regression Substitution
46
Q

What is the statistic that determines the independence of the missing data?

A

Little’s test (should be non sig.)

47
Q

What should you do if you find a sig. result from Little’s test?

A

Listwise deletion

Stats 4 (11 decks)

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