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Physiology > 1 Renal Intro > Flashcards

1 Renal Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions (4) of the kidney?

A
  1. Regulation of balance: water and ions
  2. Regulation of osmolality and volume
  3. Excretion of metabolic waste and foreign chemicals
  4. Secretion of hormones (Renin and Erythropoietin)
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2
Q

When urine flow = 1100 ml.day

A

Steady state (excreting just enough water)

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3
Q

When urine flow > 1100 ml/day

A

Negative water balance (excreting too much water)

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4
Q

When urine flow < 1100 ml/day

A

Positive water balance (not excreting enough water)

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5
Q

Name 3 examples of NEGATIVE sodium and water balance (excreting too much)

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Diuretic medication
  3. Insufficient aldosterone
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6
Q

Name 3 examples of POSITIVE sodium and water balance (excreting too little)

A
  1. Excess steroids
  2. CHF
  3. Salt-retaining renal disease
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7
Q

Is the cortex granular or striated?

A

granular

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8
Q

Is the medulla granular or striated?

A

striated

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9
Q

Gross anatomy of ureter: Urine is discharged into _______ from _______ ___________.

A

pelvis; renal pyramids

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10
Q

The pressure in the ureter is usually ________.

A

very low

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11
Q

Basic unit of kidney?

A

nephron

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12
Q

3 components of Nephron?

A
  1. Tubular component 2. Vascular component 3. Combined component (JGA)
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13
Q

Draw out the nephron including; 1. Renal corpuscle (with glomerulus and bowman’s capsule) 2. Proximal tubule 3. LOH (descending thin and ascending thick) 4. Distal convoluted tubule 5. Collecting duct

A

draw it..

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14
Q

What drains the Bowman’s capsule?

A

the proximal tubule

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15
Q

What is the main function of the LOH?

A

Generate osmotic gradient in medulla that allows kidney to concentrate urine

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16
Q

What happens in the proximal tubule?

A

60-80% of filtered solute and water are reabsorbed (isosmotic)

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17
Q

Where is the JGA in relation to the glomerulus?

A

where thick ascending limb of LOH passes between afferent and efferent arteriole

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18
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Some reabsorption of water and ions (iso-hyposmotic)

19
Q

What hormone controls water permeability in the collecting duct of the nephron?

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

20
Q

Where is the final concentration of urine adjusted?

A

the collecting duct

21
Q

What’s the difference between a cortical nephron and a juxtaglomerular nephron?

A

Cortical nephrons: - have glomeruli in the outer cortex - LOH is short and doesn’t extend into medulla Juxtaglomerular nephrons: - glomeruli near corticomedullary border - LOH long and extends deep into medulla

22
Q

Ability to produce concentrated urine is proportional to ______________.

A

the number of juxtaglomerular nephrons

23
Q

All nephrons function in ___________. (orientation)

A

in parallel (collecting ducts shared by many nephrons

24
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration barrier? Draw it…

A
  1. Capillary endothelium 2. Basement membrane (basal lamina) 3. Capsular epithelial cells (podocytes, slits between them where urine flows)
25
Q

Name the 3 parts of the JGA

A
  1. Macula densa 2. Extraglomerular mesangial cells 3. Granular cells
26
Q

What’s the function of the JGA?

A
  • Helps control GFR - Controls renin secretion (BP and volume)
27
Q

In response to what molecule do mesangial cells contract?

A

Angiotensin II

28
Q

Where are mesangial cells found?

A

Between and within the capillary loops

29
Q

How many capillary beds are there? What are they called?

A

2; Glomerular and peritubular

30
Q

Vasa recta is found in what layer and it follows what structure?

A

medulla; LOH

31
Q

Cortical arteries give off _________ arterioles.

A

afferent

32
Q

There are 2 arterioles (________ and ________) and 2 capillary beds (__________ and __________) . They are IN _______.

A

(afferent and efferent) (glomerular and peritubular) IN SERIES

33
Q

Important function of vasa recta?

A
  • supply nutrients to medullary tissue - recovery of water
34
Q

Draw out distribution of blood flow…. (slide 19)

A

draw it…

35
Q

What type of receptors are renal nerves?

A

Sympathetic A1 receptors (release NE and DA)

36
Q

A1 receptors are on both the ________ and the ________, but primarily on the __________ arterioles.

A

afferent, efferent, afferent

37
Q

The renal nerves have no ______________ innervation

A

parasympathetic

38
Q

Stimulation by the SNS tends to ________ RBF and GFR, but the simultaneous release of PGE2 and PGI2 __________ the effect

A

reduce; opposes (reductions in RBF and GFR are minimized)

39
Q

Granular cells (JGA) are innervated by _______.

A

SNS

40
Q

Renin released upon stimulation of _________.

A

Beta receptors

41
Q

Purpose of glomerular filtration is production of a _____________ filtrate.

A

protein-free

42
Q

Name the steps of renal function

A
  1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption (from lumen to PTC) 3. Tubular secretion (from PTC to tubular lumen) 4. Excretion (substance appears in urine)
43
Q

How fast is the average GFR?

A

120-125 ml/min

Physiology (5 decks)

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