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Anatomy > 1 Regional anatomy > Flashcards

1 Regional anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage: blue/white translucent. (costal, nasal, epiphyseal growth plates)
Fibrocartilage: white fibrous tissue with islands of cartilage and ground substance between collagen bundles (knees, hips, mandible, clavicle)
Elastic: yellow (ear, eustachian tube and epiglottis)

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2
Q

How does the cellular structure vary between muscle types?

A

Smooth muscle: single nucleus
Cardiac muscle: single or double nucleus
Skeletal: multiple nuclei

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3
Q

Describe smooth muscle cells

A

Spindle-shaped cells

Parallel

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4
Q

Describe cardiac muscle cells

A

Thick broad short cells that branch

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5
Q

Describe skeletal muscle cells

A

Long cylindrical, cells surrounded by endomysium

Either parallel or oblique

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6
Q

Three patterns of oblique pattern of skeletal muscle fibres

A

Unipennate muscles: all slope to one side of a tendon (FPL)
Bipennate: slope to two sides of a tendon (rectus femoris)
Multipennate: multiple bipennate side by side (subscapularis) or cylindrical (tibialis anterior)

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7
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Intrafusal

Sensory receptor

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8
Q

What are the two key types of bone?

A

Compact: Surface cortex, mineralised collagen embedded with osteocytes
Cancellous: Spongework of trabeculae

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9
Q

What are the two processes by which bones form?

A

Intramembranous ossification: osteoblasts lay down bone on fibrous tissues (skull, face, clavicle)
Endochondral ossification: pre-existing hyaline cartilage model is gradually destroyed and replaced by bone

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10
Q

What are the three types of joint?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous (primary or secondary)
Synovial

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11
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Two bones separated by only connective tissue (sutures of the skull)

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12
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Primary: bone and hyaline cartilage meet (epiphyses and ribs)
Secondary: union between bones covered by hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

What are the six features of synovial joints?

A
  1. Bones covered in hyaline cartilage
  2. Surrounded by capsule
  3. Enclosing a joint cavity
  4. Enforced by ligaments
  5. Internally lined by a synovial membrane
  6. Capable of movement
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14
Q

Definition of mucus membrane

A

Lining of internal body surface with communicates with the exterior

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15
Q

Definition of serous membrane

A

Lining of closed body cavity

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16
Q

Wall of capillaries

A

Flattened endothelial cells

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17
Q

Wall of arteries

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media-elastic
Tunica adventitia

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18
Q

Wall of veins

A

Tunica intima- valves
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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19
Q

Where is myelin formed?

A

CNS: Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells

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20
Q

How does the size of peripheral nerve fibres relate to their function?

A

Widest tend to conduct fastest
Largest: motor or proprioceptive
Smallest: autonomic or sensory

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21
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

8 cervical
12 thoracic
8 Lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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22
Q

Describe the formation of a spinal nerve

A

Formed by anterior and posterior root
Happens in the intervertebral foramen
Anterior (motor and autonomic fibres plus pain)
Posterior (sensory-no synapses)
Then splits into anterior and posterior ramus
Anterior forms plexuses
Posterior ramus NEVER SUPPLIES SKIN OR MUSCLE

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23
Q

Which is the only spinal nerve with no cutaneous branch?

A

C1

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24
Q

Where is the neurovascular plane of the thoracic wall?

A

The layer between inner layer (subcostals, innermost intercostals and transversus thoracis) and internal intercostals.
Nerves lie below arteries except the nerves cross arteries alongside vertebral column and ventral midline
At these points the nerves are close to the skin

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25
Q

Describe the skin supply of the cervical nerves

A

C1-nil
C2- Occiput, posterior neck and skin over parotid
C3- Neck
C4- Infraclavicular region, shoulder and above scapula spine
C5- Lateral arm
C6- Lateral forearm and thumb
C7- Middle finger
C8- Little finger and distal medial forearm

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26
Q

Describe the skin supply of the thoracic nerves

A 
T1- medial arm above and below elbow
T2- axilla and thorax
T3- Thorax and occasionally axilla
T4- nipple
T7-subcostal angle
T8- Rib margin
T10- umbilicus
T12- lower abdomen, upper buttock
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27
Q

Describe the skin supply of the lumbar spinal nerves

A

L1- Suprapubic and inguinal regions, penis and anterior scrotum
L2- Anterior thigh, upper buttock
L3- Anterior and medial thigh and knee
L4- Medial leg, medial ankle and medial foot
L5- Lateral leg, dorsum of foot, medial sole

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28
Q

Describe the skin supply of the sacral spinal nerves

A

S1- Lateral ankle, sole and lateral dorsum of foot
S2- Posterior leg, thigh, buttock penis
S3- Sitting area of buttock, posterior scrotum
S4- Perianal
S5 and coccygeal- Behind anus and over coccyx

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29
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Amount of muscle supplied by one segment of the spinal end

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30
Q

What are the four key facts about myotomes?

A
  1. Most muscles are supplied equally by 2 adjacent segments
  2. Muscles sharing a primary action on a joint are all supplied by the same segments
  3. Their opponents share the same nerve segments
  4. For distal joints the spinal centre lies lower in the cord. For each joint one segment more distal in the limb, the centre lies one segment lower in the cord
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31
Q

What are the main spinal segments controlling hip flexion and extension

A

Hip
Flex L2,3
Extend L4,5

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32
Q

What are the main spinal segments controlling knee extension and flexion

A

Knee
Flex L3,4
Extend L5,S1

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33
Q

What are the main spinal segments controlling ankle dorsi and plantar flexion

A

Ankle
Dorsiflex: L4,5
Plantar: S1,2

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34
Q

What are the main spinal segments for foot inversion and eversion

A

Foot
Invert: L4
Evert: L5, S1

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35
Q

What are the main spinal segments controlling elbow flexion and extension

A

Elbow
Flex C5, 6
Extend: C7, C8

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36
Q

What are the spinal segments that control shoulder movement?

A

Abduct and laterally rotate: C5

Abduct and medially rotate: C6, 7, 8

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37
Q

What are the spinal segments to pronate and supinate the forearm?

A

Pronate: C7,8
Supinate: C6

38
Q

What are the main spinal segments controlling wrist flexion and extension

A

Wrist
Flexion: C6,7
Extend: C6, 7

39
Q

What are the main spinal segments controlling finger and thumb flexion and extension

A

Flex C7, 8

Extend C7, 8

40
Q

Which spinal segment controls the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

T1

41
Q

What is the key anatomical difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

Autonomic is interrupted by synapses in a ganglion (preganglionic and postganglionic)

42
Q

What are the four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck?

A

Ciliary
Pterygopalantine
Submandibular
Otic

43
Q

Describe embryonic development from zygote to neural tube

A

Zygote
Morula
Blastocyst- splits into trophoblast and inner cell mass
Trophoblast becomes placenta
Inner cell mass becomes amnion and yolk sac
Between amnion and yolk sac is embryonic plate
Embryonic plate is split into 3, endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
An axial rod of cells grows from endoderm to ectoderm, this is the notocord
On ectodermal side of embryonic plate the neural groove develops which becomes neural tube

44
Q

How does the eventual outcome of neural tube cells differ to those in the neural crest?

A

Neural tube=brain and spinal cord

Neural crest= posterior root ganglia, autonomic ganglia, CN ganglia and schwann cells

45
Q

What does paraxial mesoderm form?

A

Mesodermal somites

Which produce sclerotome–(dura mater and vertebrae) and myotome– (muscles of body wall)

46
Q

What does the intermediate cell mass (of the mesoderm) form?

A

Lateral side= pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros (genital and urinary systems)
Medial side= gonad and suprarenal gland

47
Q

What is the splanchnopleure?

A

Inner layer of the embroyonic coelom/body cavity. Formed as the lateral plate curls around to enclose the yolk sack.
Innervated by the autonomic nervous system

48
Q

What is the somatopleure?

A

Outer layer of the lateral plate innervated by spinal nerves.

49
Q

Where do limbs come from embryologically?

A

From lateral plate mesoderm and muscles develop in situ

50
Q

What is the difference between branchial arches and branchial pouches?

A

Branchial arches: condensed mesoderm develop into the side wall of the pharynx by meeting in the middle
Branchial pouches: internal grooves between the branchial arches

51
Q

What does the first branchial arch form?

A

Mandibular and maxillary branches of trigeminal nerve
Maxillary artery
Meckel’s cartilage which becomes incus and malleus and Sphenomandibular ligament
Lingula
Anterior 2/3 tongue mucus membrane
Muscles of mastication
Mylohyoid

52
Q

What are the lateral derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch?

A

First pouch
No dorsal/ventral diverticulum
Auditory tube
External acoustic meatus

53
Q

What does the second pharyngeal arch form?

A 
Facial nerve
Stapedial artery and hyoid artery
Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper body of hyoid bone
Smiling muscles (buccinators, platsyma
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of digastric
54
Q

What are the lateral derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Second pouch
Dorsal diverticulum forms tympanic cavity
Ventral diverticulum forms tonsillar crypts, supratonsillar fossa from endoderm. Lymph tissue of palatine tonsil
Supplied by glossopharyngeal

55
Q

What forms from the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Common carotid artery and proximal internal carotid
Greater horn of hyoid and caudal half of body of hyoid
Stylopharyngeus

56
Q

What are the lateral derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

Dorsal diverticulum: inferior parathyroid gland

Ventral diverticulum: thymic rudiment -> join caudaly -> bilobed thymus

57
Q

What forms from the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Superior laryngeal and pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerves
Proximal right subclavian artery
Arch of the aorta
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, artyneoid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Muscles of pharnyx
Levator palati

58
Q

What are the lateral derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Fourth pouch
Dorsal diverticulum: superior parathyroid glabd
Ventral: attached to thyroid, probably contributes to thymus

59
Q

What does the 6th pharyngeal arch form?

A

Recurrent laryngeal and pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve
Ductus arteriosus and proximal pulmonary arteries
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, artyneoid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Muscles of pharnyx
Levator palati

60
Q

What does the fifth pouch form?

A

Regresses

Forms utimobranchial body-> parafollicular C cells of the thyroid which produce calcitonin

61
Q

What is the cervical sinus?

A

A pit formed as the arches grow together. The endoderm fuses over top and imprisons the ectoderm which disappears, if it does not a branchial cyst forms

62
Q

Which arches form the tongue?

A

1,3 and 4

63
Q

How is the thryroglossal duct form?

A

Endoderm of the pharynx at the foramen caecum. Travels down in front of hyoid bone
Thyroid gland buds from distal end of the duct

64
Q

What is the furcula?

A

A wishbone shaped ridge over the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches
As the edges of the ridge grow together, they convert the gutter into a tube, forming the larynx and trachea split from the esophagus
The furcula persists at the aperture of the larynx

65
Q

What do the 6 branchial arch arteries form?

A

1: maxillary artery
2. stapedial artery (does not persist after birth)
3: common carotid and internal carotid arteries
4: Right- right subclavian artery Left- aortic arch
5: disappears
6: Right- pulmonary artery Left- pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

66
Q

What are the most common anomalies of the great vessels?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of the aorta (defect of tunica media)
Abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery: comes from the arch of aorta and passes behind esophagus-> dysphagia
Also causes right recurrent laryngeal nerve to be non recurrent

67
Q

How does the heart develop embryologically?

A

Endocardial tubes
Fuse into heart tube
Heart tube (truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, sinus venosus)
Bulb twists to right and ventricle twists to the left at around 23 days
Heart has 4 fully formed chamber by 8 weeks

68
Q

What are the 3 sources of blood supply for the sinus venosus?

A

Placenta via umbilical veins
Yolk sac via vitelline veins
Embryo tissues via cardinal veins

69
Q

Which 3 primitive veins disappear?

A

R umbilical
L vitelline
L cardinal

70
Q

What does the R vitelline vein become?

A

Portal vein and upper end of IVC

71
Q

What does the R anterior cardinal vein form?

A

R branchiocephalic vein and part of SVC

72
Q

What does the common cardinal vein form?

A

SVC

73
Q

What does the right posterior cardinal vein form?

A

Azygous and hemiazygous veins

74
Q

Which vessels combine to make up the cardinal veins?

A

IJV + subclavian -> anterior cardinal
EIV + IIV -> posterior cardinal
ACV + PCV -> common cardinal

75
Q

What forms the ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum (round ligament)?

A

In the fetus, o2 rich blood from the placenta passes into the L umbilical vein and bypasses the liver via ductus venosus straight into the IVC. After birth, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus form the round ligament (which is continuous with the falciform ligament and connects left branch of portal vein to IVC)

76
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

RA to LA to bypass lungs

77
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Deoxygenated blood from SVC through pulmonary trunk to aorta to bypass lungs to get to placenta

78
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus at birth?

A

Closes due to contraction of muscular walls

Persists as ligamentum arteriosum

79
Q

When do the fontanelles close?

A

Anterior: 18 months
Posterior: 3 months
Frontal bone fuses by 8 years but metopic suture persists in 8% of people

80
Q

How to the skull ossify?

A

Base of the skull ossifies in acrtilage

Vault and face ossify in membrane

81
Q

Why is the facial nerve vulnerable in children?

A

Absent mastoid process

82
Q

How does the inner ear differ between a child and adult?

A

Tympanic membrane is more downwards and less lateral than adults

83
Q

Describe the mandible of a newborn

A

2 halves
Mental foramen at lower border (rises with age)
Mental neurovascular bundle emerges forwards (instead of backwards in adults)
Coronoid process above condyle

84
Q

How do the facial proportions of a newborn differ to an adult?

A

Vertical height of mandible+maxilla =height of orbit

3:1 in an adult

85
Q

What is a key consequence of the short neck of the newborn?

A

L brachiocephalic vein sits above the jugular notch
Vocal cords 5mm
Enlarge from 8mm to 16mm in a year of puberty (in males)

86
Q

Why do small children have pot bellies?

A

Large liver (2x as big relatively) and less content in pelvic cavity, urinary bladder is above pubic syphysis
Appendix is at the apex of the conical caecum
Adrenals are nearly same size as kidneys at birth

87
Q

How does the upper limb grow?

A

Growth occurs more at the shoulder and wrist

88
Q

How does the lower limb grow?

A

Growth occurs more at the knee

89
Q

How is the spinal cord differ in a newborn?

A

It ends at L3

Rises to L1/L2 junction

90
Q

What is the only area of the abdomen to have valves in veins?

A

Testicles

Anatomy (6 decks)

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