#1: Reaction Mechanisms of Organic Molecules

Question 1

types of organic molecules reactions

Answer 1

• addition
• elimination
• substitution
• rearrangement
  another: oxidation and reduction

Question 2

used in a chemical reaction consists of a substrate and reagent

Answer 2

reactants

Question 3

what does a reactant consists

Answer 3

substrate and reagent

Question 4

the reactant that is acted upon or attacked by the reagent

Answer 4

substrate

Question 5

it is the molecule which contains the carbon atom(s) to which bonds are broken and made.

Answer 5

substrate

Question 6

if there is an increase in the number of atoms or groups attached to a carbon(s) in the substrate.

Answer 6

addition reaction

Question 7

an atom or a group of atoms is removed from the substrate, thus there is a decrease in the number of atoms or groups attached to carbon.

Answer 7

elimination reactions

Question 8

when the substrate is transformed into a more unsaturated product

Answer 8

elimination reactions

Question 9

they involve the replacement of an atom or a group of atoms in the substrate by another atom or group of atoms.

Answer 9

substitution reaction

Question 10

reactions involve migration of an atom or group of atoms from one atom to another.

Answer 10

rearrangement reaction

Question 11

occurs when there is an increase in the oxygen content and/or a decrease in the hydrogen content of the substrate.

Answer 11

oxidation reaction

Question 12

there is an increase in the hydrogen content and/or a decrease in the oxygen content of the substrate.

Answer 12

reduction reaction

Question 13

the step by step events by which a substrate is converted to products at a given set of conditions

Answer 13

reaction mechanism

Question 14

are formed in one step and then consumed in a later step of the reaction mechanism.

Answer 14

reaction intermediates

Question 15

The slowest step in the mechanism is called

Answer 15

rate determining or rate-limiting step

Question 16

formed from the transformation of reactants and reagents

Answer 16

products

Question 17

if the covalent bond breaks (covalent fission), what can form?

Answer 17

either homolytic or heterolytic cleavage

Question 18

For a ______ to carbon it can form carbon radical

Answer 18

homolytic bond

Question 19

for a ________ it can be a trivalent carbon anion,or carbanions or can be carbon cation or carbocations

Answer 19

heterolytic

Question 20

three types of reagents

Answer 20

• nucleophilic (nucleus-loving) or nucleophiles
• Electrophilic Reagents (electron loving) or electrophiles
• Radical Like reagents

Question 21

• usually negatively charged or neutral with a lone pair of electrons.
• an atom or molecule that in chemical reaction seeks a positive centre, such as the nucleus of an atom.
• They attack positively charged atoms or low electron density.

Answer 21

nucleophilic (nucleus-loving) or nucleophiles

Question 22

Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are ____.

Answer 22

Lewis bases

Question 23

because electrophiles seek an electron pair, they are _____

Answer 23

Lewis acids

Question 24

• they are electron deficient , capable of forming new bonds by accepting a pair of electrons , they attack negatively charged electrons or high electron density.

Answer 24

Electrophilic Reagents (electron loving) or electrophiles

Question 25

they have odd number of electrons react easily and attack high electron density atoms.

Answer 25

redical like reagents

Question 26

a tertiary radical’s stability is

Answer 26

most stable

Question 27

a methyl radical stability is

Answer 27

less stable

Question 28

The products formed will undergo reaction intermediates this is the process called

Answer 28

reaction mechanisms

Question 29

an electron-poor species (Lewis acid)

Answer 29

electrophile

Question 30

an electron-rich species (Lewis base)

Answer 30

nucleophile

Question 31

what can be formed when there’s a formation of the covalent bond?

Answer 31

homogenic and heterogenic

Question 32

homolytic and homogenic steps are also called

Answer 32

radical processes

Question 33

heterolytic and heterogenic steps are also called

Answer 33

polar processes

Question 34

reaction intermediates

Answer 34

carbanion, carbocations, free radicals

Question 35

steps of reaction mechanism

Answer 35

reactants -> intermediate -> product

Question 36

sets of Lewis structures that describe the delocalization of electrons in a polyatomic ion or molecule.

Answer 36

resonance structure

Question 37

alternate single and double bonds in an open chain or cyclic compounds results in

Answer 37

conjugation

Question 38

The polarity induced in a molecule by the interaction of a lone pair of electrons with a pi bond or the interaction of two pi bonds in nearby atoms

Answer 38

resonance effect

Question 39

all nucleophiles are

Answer 39

Lewis Bases

Question 40

all electrophiles are

Answer 40

Lewis Acids

Question 41

a reagent that is positively charged or electron-deficient species

Answer 41

electrophiles

Question 42

a reagent that is negatively charged or electron-rich species

Answer 42

nucleophiles

Question 42

a reagent that is negatively charged or electron-rich species

Answer 42

nucleophiles