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Toxicology > 1-Principles of toxicology > Flashcards

1-Principles of toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Paracelsus

A

Right dose differentiates poison from remedy.

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2
Q

Veterinary Toxicology

A

Recognized by AVMA in the 1960s

Diplomate status (DABVT)

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3
Q

Malicious poisonings

A

1-2 percent

Pesticides, drugs, aspirin, caffeine, ethylene glycol, cyanide

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4
Q

polo horse deaths

A

death of 21 polo horses in Wellington

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5
Q

Illicit drugs

A

Marijauna toxicosis in states legalizing marijuana

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6
Q
  1. Toxic (def)
  2. Toxicology (def)
A
  1. Causes adverse effects
  2. Study of identification, treatment, assessing risks of poisons
  • Clinical
  • Regulatory
  • Environmental
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7
Q

Toxicant

Xenobiotic

A

Compound that causes toxicity, may be natural or man-made

Foreign substance

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8
Q

Antidote

A

Remedy to counteract a poison

  • ethanol in ethylene glycol toxicity
  • Vitamin K mitigates rodenticides (Warfarin)
  • Snake antivenom

Activated charcoal is not an ‘antidote’

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9
Q

Manmade chemicals

A

More than 50,000 manmade chemicals

Potential toxicants include pesticides, cleaning products, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals

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10
Q

Natural products

A

At least 800 species with millions of compounds

Microbes, vitamins, animal venoms

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11
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Exotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum

2-3 grams of this can kill the whole world

Most toxic subtance

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12
Q

Level of toxicity

Botulinum:

Strychnine:

Snake vemon:

Nicotine:

Aspirin:

Foxglove:

Acetaminophen:

Grapes:

Salt:

Water:

A

Botulinum: extremely toxic

Strychnine: extremely toxic

Snake vemon: extremely to highly toxic

Nicotine: highly toxic

Aspirin: moderately toxic

Foxglove: moderately toxic

Acetaminophen: moderately toxic

Grapes: slightly toxic to practically nontoxic

Salt: Practically nontoxic (species dependent)

Water: relatively harmless

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13
Q
A

Foxglove

Moderately toxic

Cardioglycosides

Something to do with digitalis…?

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14
Q

Classification of chemical interactions in toxicity

A

Additive: summation

Antagonistic

Synergism: adverse effect magnified

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15
Q

Factors influencing toxicity

A
  1. Factors related to toxicant
  2. Factors related to exposure
  3. Factors related to subject
  4. Factors related to environment
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16
Q

Factors related to toxicant

A

chemical structure

affinity for some molecules

vehicle

17
Q

Factors related to exposure

A

dose

route of entry

  • IV
  • Oral
  • Dermal
18
Q

Factors related to subject

A

Species

Age

Health status

Gender

  • Estrogens can be protective
19
Q

Factors related to environment

A

Temperature: metabolism

pH: stomach

20
Q

Species and individual difference in metabolism

Cats

Dogs

Pigs

A

Species differency in capacity for biotransformation and sensitivity

  • Cats deficient in glucuronidation
    • acetaminophin toxicity
  • Dogs deficient in acetylation
  • Pigs deficient in sulfation
21
Q

Pregnancy and metabolism

A

Parathion (pesticide) more toxic to pregnant animals

22
Q

Phase 1 vs Phase 2 enzymes

A

Phase 1

  • Adds small functional groups to chemicals

Phase 2

  • Adds bigger, conjugated groups to chemicals
  • Solubilized and eliminated more quickly from the body
23
Q

Exposure Classifications

  1. Acute
  2. Sub-acute/subchronic
  3. Chronic
A

Acute

  • Single dose exposure or several doses within a 24 hours period
    • eat a bottle aspirin
    • snake envenomation
    • rat poison
    • zinc

Sub-acute/subchronic

  • exposure over 7-90 days
    • organophosphates from pesticides sprayed on a lawn

Chronic

  • Protracted exposure 6 months-lifetime
    • metals, lead, paint
    • arsenic from well water
    • zinc
24
Q

Dose-response relationship

A

Central concept of toxicology

  • assumes a cause and effect relationship
  • response is proportional to dose
25
Q

Toxicokinetics

A

Exposure and dose are NOT the same

26
Q

Most common routes exposure in vet med

A

Oral

Dermal

27
Q

Bioactivation

Metabolism

Bioactivation

Prodrugs

A

Metabolism usually detoxifies a compound and increases elimination.

Bioactivation is when metabolism increases the toxicity of a compound

  • Benzo [a] pyrene
  • Aflatoxin
  • Acetaminophen

Prodrugs can increase toxicity of a compound

  • Oxazepam-diazepam
  • Claritin-Clarinex
28
Q

Mechanisms of Toxicity

Step 1-4

A

Step 1

  • Delivery from site ofe exposure to target

Step 2

  • Reaction of the ultimate toxican with the target molecule

Step 3

  • Cellular dysfunction and resultant toxicities

Step 4

  • Repair: apoptosis, tissue regeneration
  • Disrepair: tissue necrosis, fibrosis, cancer
29
Q

Cellular Damage

A

Acetaminophen

Arsenic

Can result from free radical damage, inhibition of energy production, disruption of enzyme function

30
Q

Organ system dysfunction

A

Insectisides

Rodenticides

Not associated with specific cellular injury, but lethal to intact organism

  • secondary liver effects
  • multi-organ failure
31
Q

Top 10 toxins to dogs and cats

A
  1. Prescription drugs
  2. Insecticides, organophosphates
  3. Over the counter drugs
  4. Household products: Ajax, pinsol, toilette bowl cleaner
  5. Human foods: Avocado, grapes, onions
  6. Vet medications: Ivermectin
  7. Rodenticides
  8. Plants: sago palm toxicity, Lilies
  9. Lawn products: Cocoa mulch
32
Q

10 most dangerous foods for dogs

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Avocado
  3. Chocolate
    * Theobromine
  4. Coffee, caffeine
    * Theobromine
  5. Fruit with pits/seeds
  6. Grapes and raisins
  7. Macadamia nuts
    * nuts can be high in cyanide (almonds)
  8. Onions and Garlic
  • Hemopoeitic problems
  • Heinz bodies and oxidative damage
  1. Xylitol (artificial sweetener)
    * inc insulin in small animals
  2. Yeast, dough
  • stomach expansion
  • respiratory distress

Toxicology (10 decks)

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