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Haematology > 1. Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology > Flashcards

1. Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What do multipotent haematopoeitic stem cells give rise to (include production of erythrocytes)?

A

• Lymphoid stem cells (then T, B, NK)
• Myeloid stem cells (then erythroids, granulocytes and megakaryotes)
=> proerythroblast => erythroblasts => erythrocytes

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2
Q

What are essential stem cell characteristics?

A
  • Ability to self-renew and produce mature progeny

* Ability to divide into 2 cells with different characteristics

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3
Q

How does the cytoplasm change as erythrocytes differentiate?

A

Dark blue to more pink

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4
Q

What does erythropoeisis require and how is this obtained?

A
  • Erythropoeitin
  • Synthesised in juxtatubular interstitial cells in the kidney in response to hypoxia (90%)
  • Partly mader in liver hepatocyte and interstitial cells (10%)
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5
Q

How long does an erythrocyte survive in the blood stream and how is it ultimately destroyed?

A
  • About 120 days

* Destroyed by phagocytic cells of the spleen

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6
Q

How do multipotent haematopoeitic stem cells give rise to white blood cells

A

=> myeloblasts
=> granulocytes and monocytes
• Cytokines needed including, G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF and various interleukins

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7
Q

What do myeloblasts look like?

A
  • Large nucleus, little cytoplasm

* Similar to proerythroblasts

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8
Q

How long do neutrophils survive in circulation?

A

7-10 hours before migrating into tissues

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9
Q

What is the process of neutrophils migrating into tissues called?

A

Diapedesis

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10
Q

Outline the function of eosinophils and basophils

A
  • Eosinophils - defence against parasitic infection (2 lobes, less time in circulation)
  • Basophils - allergic responses (so many dark blue dots, hard to see nucleus)
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11
Q

How do haematopoeitic stem cells differentiate into platelets?

A

=> megakaryocytes

=> platelets

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12
Q

How long do platelets survive in circulation?

A

10 days

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13
Q

How long do lymphocytes survive in the blood stream?

A

Very variable, may be very long lived

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14
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

RBCs show more variation in size than normal

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15
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

RBCs show more variation in shape than normal

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16
Q

What is micro- and macrocytosis?

A
  • Micro - RBCs are smaller than normal

* Macro - RBCs are larger than normal

17
Q

What can you use as a reference to determine a micro or macrocyte?

A

Lymphocytes

18
Q

What does microcytic describe?

A

RBCs that are smaller than normal or anaemia with small RBCs

19
Q

What is hypochromia?

A
  • Normal RBCs have 1/3 of the diameter that is pale
  • Hypochromia - cells have a larger area of central pallor than normal
  • Due to lower haemoglobin and flatter cell
  • Usually goes together with microcytosis
20
Q

What is hyperchromia?

A
  • Cells lack central pallor (lack pale appearance)

* Could be because thicker or abnormal shape e.g. spherocytes + irregularly contracted cells

21
Q

What are spherocytes?

A
  • Cells approx. spherical in shape and lack central pallor
  • Result from loss of cell membrane without loss of equivalent amount of cytoplasm
  • Occurs in hereditary spherocytosis
22
Q

What are irregularly contracted cells?

A
  • Irregular in outline
  • Smaller than normal cells
  • Lost central pallor
  • Usually result from oxidant to the membrane and haemoglobin
23
Q

What is polychromasia and in what cells does this occur?

A
  • An increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a RBC
  • Indicates that the cells are young
  • Reticulocytes are RBCs that are slightly younger than mature cells - stained with methylene blue - binds to ribosomes
24
Q

What does an reticulocytosis in an anaemic patient show?

A

Bone marrow is capable of making new cells

25
Q

What are target cells and when does this occur?

A
  • Cells with an accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor
  • Occur in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism
26
Q

What are elliptocytes and when does this occur?

A
  • Elliptical in shape

* Occur in hereditary elliptocytosis and in iron deficiency

27
Q

What are sickle cells?

A
  • Sickle/crescent shaped

* Due to polymerisation of Hb-S

28
Q

What are fragments (RBCs)?

A
  • aka schistocytes
  • Small pieces of RBCs that has fragmented
  • Still tend to have red colour and even sometimes central pallor
  • Just different shape
29
Q

What are rouleaux?

A
  • Stacks of RBCs

* Result of alterations in plasma proteins - RBCs become adherent

30
Q

What are agglutinates?

A
  • RBCs form irregular clumps (rather than tidy stacks in rouleaux)
  • Usually result from antibodies on the cell surface (IgM)
31
Q

What is a Howell-Jolly body and when does this occur?

A
  • Nuclear remnant in a RBC - purple colour
  • Commonly due to lack of splenic function
  • Spleen usually removes these nuclear materials
32
Q

What is leucocytosis and leucopenia?

A
  • Leucocytosis - too many white cells

* Leucopenia - too few whtie cells

33
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

More neutrophils than normal (sometimes a normal response to infection)

34
Q

What do atypical lymphocytes look like?

A
  • Size and shape only significant in lymphocytes out of WBCs
  • Large and very visible nucleus
  • Loads of really faint cytoplasm
  • Typical of viral infection - glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)
35
Q

What is a left shift?

A
  • Increase in non-segmented neutrophils or there are neutrophil precursors present in the blood
  • Band form neutrophils
  • Suggests infection
36
Q

How does a neutrophil change in appearance as it matures?

A
  • Start with big cell and big nucleus
  • Granules appear
  • Nucleus becomes more squashed with a band shape
  • Nucleus then segments - vacuoles can also be seen here
37
Q

What is toxic granulation and when does this occur?

A
  • Heavy granulation of neutrophils

* Results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis

38
Q

What is a hypersegmented neutrophil and when does this occur?

A
  • Increase in the average number of lobes or segments (normally 3-4)
  • Usually results from a lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid

Haematology (11 decks)

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