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Endocrine Week 5 2017/18 > 1: Physiology and pharmacology - Reproduction/Sex steroid axis > Flashcards

1: Physiology and pharmacology - Reproduction/Sex steroid axis Flashcards

1
Q

Which endocrine glands are associated with the menstrual cycle?

A

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary gland

Ovaries

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2
Q

Which hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

GnRH

FSH

LH

Oestradiol (which is a type of oestrogen)

Progesterone

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3
Q

What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase

Ovulation

Luteal phase

Menstruation

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4
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last on average?

A

28 days

Range = 21 - 35 days

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5
Q

How long does menstruation typically last?

A

3 - 8 days

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6
Q

When in the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

A

14 days

About halfway through

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7
Q

What is an ovarian follicle?

A

Fluid filled sac which contains an egg

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8
Q

During the follicular phase, oestrogen levels are (high / low).

A

Low oestrogen levels

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9
Q

What does the anterior pituitary do during the follicular phase?

A

Secretes FSH and LH

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10
Q

What type of special follicle develops in response to FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Leading follicle

i.e the follicle which will actually release an egg

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11
Q

Which type of cells are found around the egg in the leading follicle?

A

Granulosa cells

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12
Q

What do granulosa cells release into the leading follicle?

A

Oestradiol

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13
Q

What particular processes does FSH cause in the leading follicle?

A

Growth of the follicle itself

Growth of granulosa cells, which release oestradiol

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14
Q

What effect does oestradiol have on the uterus?

A

Causes uterine wall to thicken

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15
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Release of an unfertilised egg from the ovaries

Happens at the end of the follicular phase

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16
Q

Which hormonal change triggers ovulation?

A

LH surge

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17
Q

What triggers the LH surge which causes ovulation?

A

Raised oestradiol

(produced by granulosa cells)

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18
Q

How does the follicle release the egg during ovulation?

A

Proteolytic enzymes digest the walls of the follicle

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19
Q

Where is the egg released during ovulation?

A

Into the Fallopian tubes

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20
Q

What are other names for the Fallopian tubes?

A

Uterine tubes

Salpinges

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21
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation?

A

Luteal phase

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22
Q

What colour are granulosa cells?

A

Yellow

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23
Q

What is the name given to the granulosa cells remaining after ovulation?

A

Corpus luteum

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24
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Progesterone

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25
Q

When does peak progesterone production by the corpus luteum occur?

A

Roughly one week after ovulation

e.g Day 21

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26
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum after the luteal phase if pregnancy occurs?

A

Placenta produces hCG which preserves the corpus luteum

=> Physiological amenorrhoea

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27
Q

Which phase occurs if there is no pregnancy after the luteal phase?

A

Menstruation

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28
Q

During menstruation, progesterone levels (increase / decrease).

Why?

A

decrease

Corpus luteum disintegrates

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29
Q

What is found in menses?

A

Tissue (mainly uterine wall)

Blood

Unfertilised egg

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30
Q

Changes in which hormones are seen in

a) ovulation
b) menstruation?

A

a) Ovulation => oestradiol increase, LH surge

b) Menstruation => progesterone decrease as corpus luteum disintegrates

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31
Q

Apart from triggering the LH surge in ovulation, what else does oestradiol cause?

A

Uterine wall thickening

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32
Q

Which axis controls the menstrual cycle?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

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33
Q

Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate secretion of TSH and LH from the anterior pituitary?

A

GnRH

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34
Q

TSH and LH are also known as what?

A

Gonadotrophins

35
Q

Which precursor are female sex hormones produced from?

A

Cholesterol

36
Q

Which part of the hypothalamus produces GnRH?

A

Arcturate nucleus

37
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland produces FSH and LH?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

38
Q

Which ligament fixes the ovary to the pelvic side wall?

A

IP ligament

(infundibulopelvic ligament)

39
Q

What are the two parts of the ovary?

A

Cortex

Medulla

(as in adrenal glands)

40
Q

What are the two parts of the uterus called?

A

Body

Cervix

from superior to inferior

41
Q

What is the superficial layer of the uterus called?

A

Endometrium

42
Q

Which hormone causes the endometrium to thicken?

A

Oestradiol

43
Q

In the luteal phase, which two hormones must be produced to stop the endometrium sloughing off the uterine wall?

A

Progesterone (if corpus luteum disintegrates, levels fall)

hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin, produced by placenta after implantation)

44
Q

What is hCG?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin

Produced by placenta after implantation; stops sloughing of uterine wall i.e menstruation

45
Q

Which cells are found in ovarian follicles and produce androgen?

A

Theca cells

46
Q

Which hormone stimulates Theca cells to produce androgen?

A

LH

47
Q

Which cells are found in ovarian follicles and produce aromatase?

A

Granulosa cells

48
Q

Which hormone stimulates granulosa cells to produce aromatase?

A

FSH

49
Q

Aromatase combines with ___ to form oestradiol.

A

androgen

50
Q

Progesterone is produced by the ___ ___.

Progesterone can then be converted into androgen in ___ cells.

This product is then combined with aromatase to form oestrogen in ___ cells.

A

corpus luteum

Theca cells

Granulosa cells

51
Q

GnRH is released in a ___ fashion by the hypothalamus.

A

pulsatile

52
Q

What is FSH’s role in the HPO axis?

A

Stimulates leading follicle

Granulosa cell growth and aromatase activity

53
Q

What does LH do?

A

Surge causes ovulation

Activates theca cells, which convert androgens to oestrogens

54
Q

Which peptide hormones decrease FSH secretion by negative feedback?

A

Inhibins

55
Q

Which peptides stimulate FSH secretion?

A

Activins

56
Q

The testes can be split into which two compartments?

A

Seminiferous tubules

Interstitial fluid

57
Q

Which cells are found in the

a) seminiferous tubules
b) interstitial fluid

of the testes?

A

a) Tubular cells - Sertoli cells, Germ cells

b) Interstitial cells - Leydig cells

58
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

Support Germ cells during their development into spermatozoa

59
Q

What do Germ cells do?

A

Differentiate into spermatozoa

60
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

Secrete testosterone in response to LH

61
Q

Testosterone is secreted by which cell of the testes?

A

Leydig cells

62
Q

What process does testosterone stimulate in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenesis

63
Q

Testosterone has what sort of effect on LH and GnRH secretion?

A

Negative feedback

64
Q

Which hormone, along with testosterone, also stimulates spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

65
Q

Which hormone reduces FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary and therefore reduces the rate of spermatogenesis?

A

Inhibin

66
Q

Name a specific way in which Sertoli cells support Germ cells as they undergo spermatogenesis.

A

Secrete androgen-binding globulin (ABG) which mops up excess testosterone

Controlling the rate of spermatogenesis

67
Q

What does dihydrotestosterone do?

A

Enlarges testes

Causes expression of male sexual characteristics

Anabolism

68
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

Sac, found in the sperm cell head, which contains digestive enzymes

These enzymes break down the outer membrane of the oocyte to help with fertilisation

69
Q

Sperm cells have large numbers of which organelle?

A

Mitochondria

70
Q

Why are oocytes much larger than spermatozoa?

A

They contain:

Yolk proteins (food source)

Ribosomes

tRNA and mRNA

71
Q

Where is the site of fertilisation?

A

Ampulla of Fallopian tubes

72
Q

What happens to the cervical mucus when spermatozoa are detected in the uterus?

A

Cervical mucus thins

73
Q

Which type of muscular movements bring the unfertilised oocyte to the ampulla of the Fallopian tubes?

A

Peristalsis

74
Q

Where do spermatozoa mature?

A

In the female genital tract

75
Q

Which process do spermatozoa undergo in the female genital tract before they are capable of fertilising an egg?

A

Capacitation

76
Q

Following capacitation, which organelle do spermatozoa use to penetrate the egg?

A

Acrosome

77
Q

Fertilisation occurs when which organelles of the oocyte and spermatozoa fuse?

A

Nuclei

78
Q

What is the outer membrane of an oocyte called?

A

Zona pellucida

79
Q

Once a spermatozoa has penetrated the zona pellucida using its acrosomal enzymes, what reaction occurs?

What does this reaction prevent?

A

Zona reaction - zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to any more sperm cells

Polyspermy

80
Q

When a sperm cell penetrates the zona pellucida, the levels of certain ions changes to

a) prevent polyspermy
b) activate the egg.

Which ions?

A

Na+

Ca2+

81
Q

Which process begins in an oocyte once it has been activated by sperm penetration?

A

Meiosis

82
Q

Once an oocyte has been activated, its rate of protein synthesis (increases / decreases).

A

rate of protein synthesis & metabolism increases

83
Q

The ___ sperm cell nucleus and ___ egg cell nucleus fuse to form a ___ zygote.

(haploid , diploid)

A

haploid sperm and egg

diploid zygote

Endocrine Week 5 2017/18 (7 decks)

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