1. Pharmaceutical products and Drug action Flashcards
im going to overdose on pharmaceutical products <3
Drugs
1) Alter incoming sensory sensations
2) Alter a person’s mood or emotions
3) Alter the physiological state of the body (including conciousness and coordination)
Methods of Drug Administration
1) Oral
2) Inhalation
3) Skin Patches
4) Suppositories
5) Eye or Ear drops
6) Parenteral Injections
Parenteral Injection Types
1) Intramuscular (deepest, in muscle)
2) Subcutaneous (in the subcutaneous tissue)
3) Intravenous (fastest method of administration, into veins)
Bioavailability
Fraction of administered dosage of a drug that enters the bloodstream thereby accessing the site of action
Factors that affect bioavailability of a drug
1) Method of administration
- affects the bioavailability of a drug
e.g: Intravenous = 100% but oral = 25%
2) Polarity of the drug
- water or lipid solubility
3) The type of functional group present
- bonding effects solubility
Therapeutic Window
Safety measure of a drug.
Wider window = safer drug
(DOES NOT GO UNTIL TOXIC)
Therapeutic Index
The ratio between the dosage that provides a toxic or lethal effect and the dosage that provides a therapeutic effect.
Equation for Therapeutic Index
Ti (humans) = TD50/ED50 Ti (animals) = LD50/ED50
Stages of Drug Development
1) Synthesis in laboratory
2) Tested on animal to determine median lethal dosage
3) Tested on humans with placebo study
- 50% receive a placebo
Things to note during drug development
- The ratio of risk to benefit
- Any unwanted side effects
- The drug tolerance
Placebo effect & drug
Placebos have no actual drug and the volunteers do not know if they have a placebo or the real drug.
Placebo effect is when a body is fooled into healing naturally
Side Effect
An adverse or unwanted phisiological or psychological effect of the drug other than that which the drug was originally prescribed for.
