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Sociology: Families And Households > 1. Patterns, Trends And Diversity > Flashcards

1. Patterns, Trends And Diversity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a household?

A

Person living alone or group of people living together and sharing household tasks

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2
Q

What is a family?

A
  • Set of arrangements those involved see as a family
  • or a monogamous marriage between a man and woman, plus children sharing residence
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3
Q

What are the different family and household structures?

A
  • Nuclear
  • extended
  • classic extended
  • modified extended
  • beanpole
  • patriarchal
  • matriarchal
    -Symmetrical
  • step/reconstituted
  • lone parent
  • gay/lesbian
  • single person
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4
Q

What is rapoport and rapoport’s view on family diversity?

A

-We have moved away from the traditional nuclear family as the dominant type, based on a more pluralistic society
- diversity as a positive response to peoples needs
- 5 types of diversity

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5
Q

What are Rapoport’s 5 types of family diversity?

A
  • Cultural diversity
  • lifestage diversity
  • organisational diversity
  • generational diversity
  • social class diversity
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6
Q

Eversley and Bonnerjea - diversity and location (6)

A
  • Affluent south
  • geriatric wards
  • older industrial areas
  • recently declined industrial areas
  • rural areas
  • inner cities
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7
Q

What is cohabitation?

A
  • Unmarried couple in a sexual relationship living together
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8
Q

What is marriage?

A
  • Legally or formally recognised union of two people as partners in a personal relationship
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9
Q

How are marriage and cohabitation similar?

A
  • Share bills/responsibilities
  • live in same house
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10
Q

How are marriage and cohabitation different?

A
  • Different laws
  • marriage has no inheritance tax, automatically inherit (legal)
  • cohabitation may not be recognised as legal kin, pay inheritance tax (ambiguous)
  • exclusive bond or jointly occupying space
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11
Q

Patterns and trends with cohabitation?

A
  • Increase as marriage decreases
  • 1996: 2.9 million to 5.9 million by 2012 , fastest growing family trend in UK
  • mid to late 20s more likely to cohabit: 33% men and 37% women
  • 56% no children / 4% non dependent children/ 39% dependent children (2012)
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12
Q

Reasons for cohabitation increase?

A
  • Changes in position of women (less economically dependent on oppressive patriarchal institution)
  • secularisation
  • changing social attitudes and decline in stigma
  • rear of divorce
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13
Q

How is cohabitation a permanent alternative to marriage?

A
  • More of a lifestyle choice than expected part of life
  • (Chandler) increasingly accepted as a long term alternative with increasing proportion of children born outside of marriage
  • long term cohabitation not a new phenomenon as popular prior to 1850 and after 1965
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14
Q

How is cohabitation a prelude to marriage?

A
  • Most evidence as short term premarital relationship (Chester)
  • (coast) 75% of cohabiting couples expect to marry
  • since late 1980s become norm to cohabit before marriage (80%)
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15
Q

What are the patterns and trends for marriage?

A
  • Fewer people marrying
  • remarriages increasing
  • people marrying later
  • civil ceremonies have increased
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16
Q

Evidence for fewer people marrying?

A
  • 2012: first marriages for both partners fallen to 175,000, less than half of 1970
  • households containing a married couple 74% in 1961 to 42% in 2016
  • by 2010 marriage rate 8.7
17
Q

Why are fewer people marrying?

A
  • Changing attitudes: less pressure and more freedom to choose type of relationship, weakened norm
  • secularisation: decreased influence of church, 2001 census 3% of young people with no religion married with 17% religious
  • declining stigma with marriage alternatives: no shotgun weddings as more children outside of marriage
  • changed position of women: less economically dependent, oppressive patriarchal institution
  • fear of divorce.
18
Q

Evidence for increased remarriages?

A
  • 2012, 34% were remarriages
  • pattern of serial monogamy
19
Q

Why are remarriages increasing?

A
  • Increased divorce so more available to remarry
20
Q

Evidence for people marrying later?

A
  • 1971: age of first time marriage 25 for men and 23 for women
    -2012: 32 for men and 30 for women so 7 year increase
21
Q

Why are people marrying later?

A
  • Education, career, save money, cohabit
22
Q

Evidence for increase in civil ceremonies?

A
  • 1981: 61% of marriages religious
  • 2019: 18.2% of marriages religious
  • less likely to marry within church
23
Q

Why have civil ceremonies increased?

A
  • Secularisation
  • many churches refuse to marry divorcees
24
Q

What is divorce?

A

Legal dissolution of a marriage by a court

25
Q

What is separation?

A

Financial and legal affairs separated but remain unable to remarry

26
Q

What is an empty shell marriage?

A

Couples continue to live under the same roof but as separate individuals, married by name only

27
Q

Divorce rates?

A
  • 42% of marriages in England and wales end with divorce
  • 60s to 90s was largest increase in divorce
  • peaked in 1993 then general decline
  • by 1996 nearly as many divorces as first marriages
28
Q

What factors increased the likelihood of divorce?

A

I. Year of marriage: 1970s to 1990s then less divorce due to more cohabitation and a later age of marriage
2. Age of marriage: older have lower risk of divorce
3. Wether married before: in 2011, 70% of divorces from first marriages and 30% previously divorced

29
Q

Divorce legislation?

A
  • 1969: divorce reform act “irretrievable breakdown of marriage” → easier
  • 1984: matrimonial and family processing act, wait 1 year instead of 3
  • 1996: family law act, ‘no fault’
  • 2014: same sex marriage act
30
Q

Why has divorce increased?

A
  • Changes in legislation: easier and cheaper
  • changing social attitudes: less pressure and stigma
  • secularisation: less influence of religion
  • rising expectation of marriage: less likely to tolerate an unfulfilling relationship (feminist link)
  • changing role of women
  • feminist explanations: dual burden, triple shift, more confident to reject
  • modernity and individualisation
31
Q

Sociological perspectives on divorce?

A
  • New right: undermines traditional nuclear family
  • feminist: breaking free from oppression
  • postmodernist: freedom to choose, family diversity
  • functionalist: marriage not under threat, people just have higher expectations
32
Q

What are the key trends in childbearing?

A
  • Increased children born outside of marriage: by 2011, 53% of children registered to married couples, less shotgun weddings
  • women having children later: in 2012, 49% of babies born to mothers over 30 and 65% of fathers
  • women having fewer children: 1964, 2.95 children per woman to 1.91 in 2011
  • women remaining childless: in 2013, 1 in 5 women at 45 were childless
33
Q

Why are more women remaining childless?

A
  • Career focus
  • effective birth control
  • decrease in child morality
34
Q

Why have there been changes in childbearing?

A
  • Declining stigma
  • more cohabitation
  • changes in position of women (career and birth control
  • 56% cohabiting with no children
  • improve financial stability
35
Q

What is a lone parent family?

A

Lone parent with dependent children

36
Q

Trends with lone parent families?

A
  • 2011: 2 million I one parents with dependent children in the UK
  • 1 in 4 children live in a lone parent family
  • most likely matrifocal
  • 26% of an families in UK

Sociology: Families And Households (5 decks)

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