1 - Overview

Question 1

Major functions of cardiovascular system

Answer 1

-transport essential nutrients
-remove bi-products
-regulate temp
-humoral communication
-nutrient supply to tissues - will change based on
physiological state

Question 2

Why is the heart considered 2 pumps?

Answer 2

R = pulmonary circulation (16%)
L = systemic circulation (84%)

Question 3

What parts of the heart cause unidirectional flow

Answer 3

Valves
   tricuspid
   pulmonary
   mitral/bicuspid
   aortic

Question 4

What part of circulation distributes blood to the tissues

Answer 4

arteries and arterioles

Question 5

What part of circulation contains the majority of total blood volume?

Answer 5

venous - systemic

Question 6

Where does the greatest resistance to blood flow occur?

Answer 6

arterioles

Question 7

What is the function of capillaries

Answer 7

exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

electrolytes, nutrients, hormones

Question 8

As cross-sectional area of vascular bed increases, the velocity of blood flow does what?

Answer 8

decreases

There is an inverse relationship

Question 9

Is blood flow pulsatile or non-pulsatile at the capillaries?

Answer 9

non-pulsatile- allows for exchange

Question 10

What contributes to optimal conditions for capillary function?

Answer 10

slow flow (low velocity), low pressure, thin walls

Question 11

What is the control of blood flow related to in the majority of the tissue beds in the body?

Answer 11

tissue needs

Question 12

What is cardiac output (flow) controlled by?

Answer 12

sum of local tissue flows

Question 13

Which pressure is controlled independently?

Answer 13

Arterial

Question 14

What drives organ blood flow?

Answer 14

PRESSURE differences, not drive by cardiac output!

Question 15

Describe the boundaries of the mediastinum

Answer 15

diaphragm to thoracic inlet
thoracic inlet to T4 - superior
T4-T12 inferior aspect - posterior/mid/anterior

Question 16

In what part of the mediastinum does the heart live?

Answer 16

mid

Question 17

Layers of Pericardium

Answer 17

Fibrous
Serous - contains parietal (outer)
contains visceral (inner wall, contact with heart)

Question 18

What nerves travel across pericardium to the diaphragm?

Answer 18

Phrenic Nerve

*originates at C3-5

Question 19

Sympathetic Innervation of the Heart

Answer 19

“speed up”

• T1-4 = cardiac accelerators
• stellate ganglia (cervico) and middle cervical ganglia
• innervate SA & AV nodes
• HR & contractility increase
• CO increased

Question 20

Parasympathetic Innervation of Heart

Answer 20

“slow down”

• Originates at medulla oblongata –> Vagus nerve
• much innervation to SA & AV (decrease in rate)
• little innervation to ventricles (decrease contractility)

Question 21

Conduction System: Parts

Answer 21

SA - sinoatrial node
AV - atrioventricular, bundle of His
Bundle Branches
LBB - left anterior division, left posterior division
RBB

Question 22

Right Atrium - structures

Answer 22

cirsta terminalis - divides R atrium
R atrial appendage - R auricle
fossa ovalis (foramen ovale)
eustachian valve
tricuspid valve

Question 23

Coronary Sinus

Answer 23

• collection of veins joined together to make large vessel that collects blood from the heart
• drains to the R atrium

Question 24

Tricuspid Valve

Answer 24

3 leaflets

divides R atrium from R ventricle

Question 25

R ventricle shape - cross sectional

Answer 25

crescent shaped

Question 26

RV thickness compared to LV thickness

Answer 26

L is thicker

Question 27

Cross sectional shape of L venricle

Answer 27

circular

Question 28

How many pulmonary veins are normally present

Answer 28

4
2- right lung
2- L lung

Question 29

Where do the pulmonary veins drain to?

Answer 29

pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs to L atrium.

Question 30

Where are clots likely to form in L atrium

Answer 30

L atrial appendage

*particular risk with a fib

Question 31

Papillary Muscles - function & place

Answer 31

• attach aterioventricular valves via chordae tendonae

- contract to prevent inversion/prolapse during systole

Question 32

Which valves have papillary muscles?

Answer 32

tricuspid & bicuspid

Question 33

How many leaflets does a normal aortic valve have?

Answer 33

3

Question 34

Where are the origins of coronary arteries in r/t aortic valve?

Answer 34

R & L main coronary arteries originate from sinuses of valsalva (which is just above aortic valve)

Question 35

Mitral Valve - leaflets?

Answer 35

2
anterior - wide & short
posterior - narrow & long

Question 36

Pulmonic Valve - leaflets?

Answer 36

3

anterior, L, R

Question 37

Coronary Artery Branches

Answer 37

R main - dominance in 85%, supplies posterior of heart
LAD
L circumflex

Question 38

Ramus Intermedius

Answer 38

3rd branch of L main coronary artery

present in 37% of ppl

Question 39

Coronary Arteries - what determines dominance?

Answer 39

the artery that supplies the posterior third of the atrioventricular septum

Question 40

LAD supplies to which myocardial segments?

Answer 40

front and bottom of L ventricle

front of septum

Question 41

L circumflex supplies to which myocardial segments?

Answer 41

L atrium

side and back of L ventricle

Question 42

R main coronary artery supplies which myocardial segments?

Answer 42

inferior portion of posterior L ventricle
basal posterior of L ventricle
AV node