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IMS Nerves and muscles > 1 organisation and classification of nerves > Flashcards

1 organisation and classification of nerves Flashcards

1
Q

CNS = central components

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS = peripheral components

A

peripheral nerves = sensory + motor neurones

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3
Q

brain segments

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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4
Q

spinal chord segments total

A

31

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5
Q

divisions of PNS = pas

A

Peripheral = autonomic + somatic

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6
Q

divisions of autonomic = SP + EC

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • enteric (gut) and cardiac plexuses
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7
Q

ENS = branch of ANS = both sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

enteric (or intrinsic) nervous system

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8
Q

PNS: both autonomic and somatic have

A

sensory and motor components

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9
Q

ANS…

A
  • involuntary

- HR, respiration, digestion, pupil contraction

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10
Q

somatic nervous system…

A
  • voluntary = conscious control

- sensory info relays to muscle commands

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11
Q

overlap between CNS and PNS…

A

part of ANS lies in CNS

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12
Q

The nervous system 2 main divisions

A

CNS + PNS

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13
Q

symp =

A

fight or flight response

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14
Q

paraSymp =

A

rest and digest

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15
Q

neurone =

A

a nerve cell

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16
Q

dendrites

A

receive information = signal inputs

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17
Q

axon terminals

A

transmit information

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18
Q

both axons and dendrites are…

A

NEURITES = projections from the neurone cell body

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19
Q

neurons main component of brains…

A

grey matter

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20
Q

all motor neurons transmit

A

acetylcholine

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21
Q

synapses are at

A

axon terminals

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22
Q

structural classes of neurones

A
  • unipolar
  • pseudo-unipolar
  • bipolar
  • multipolar
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23
Q

unipolar structure =

A

one structure extends off cell body
= has 1 axon
= has no dendrites

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24
Q

unipolar neuron function

A

found in sensory ganglia

no dendrites = no input, sends signal from cell body

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25
Q

unipolar vs pseudounipolar

A

unipolar = one unbranched axon

pseudounipolar = axon branches, goes in opposite directions, branch to different targets

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26
Q

bipolar structure =

A

cell body runs in the axon
one axon + one dendrite
cell body in between the 2 projections

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27
Q

bipolar neuron function

A
  • found in sensory structures
  • rare
  • retinal neurones
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28
Q

multipolar neuron structure =

A

one long axon, multiple dendrites

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29
Q

multipolar neuron function

A

= motor and relay neurones

get signal from lots of dendrites, transmit long distance to effector

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30
Q

Weigert’s stain = goes dark

A

stains myelin

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31
Q

white matter = stains darker

A

mostly axons = myelin stains dark with Weigert’s = tracts

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32
Q

grey matter = stains pale

A

mostly cell bodies = nuclei

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33
Q

In CNS cell bodies =

A

nucleus/nuclei -> found in grey matter of CNS

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34
Q

In PNS cell bodies =

A

ganglion/ganglia

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35
Q

In CNS bundle of axon =

A

tracts -> found in white matter of CNS

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36
Q

In PNS bundle of axon =

A

nerves

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37
Q

4 main groups of nuclei (neuron cell bodies) in grey matter of CNS

A
  • SS = somatosensory
  • VS = viscerosensory
  • VM = visceromotor
  • SM = somatomotor
38
Q

somatosensory area of grey matter CNS

A

superficial dorsal horn

= interneurones responding to inputs from sensory neurons from body’s external tissues (somato-)

39
Q

viscerosensory nuclei

A

deep dorsal horn

= interneurones responding to inputs from sensory neurons from internal organs (viscero-)

40
Q

visceromotor nuclei

A

intermediate/ lateral horn

= motor neuron cell bodies supplying body’s internal organs

41
Q

somatomotor nuclei

A

ventral horn

= motor neuron cell body supplying body’s external tissues

42
Q

somato-

A

external tissues = somatic nervous system

43
Q

viscero-

A

internal organs = ANS

44
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

posterior/back
info into CNS
sensory neurons

45
Q

ventral root ganglion

A

anterior/front
info away from CNS
motor neurons

46
Q

ganglia definition (PNS)

A

nodular masses of neurone cell bodies (ganglion cell) & supporting neuroglia (satellite cell)

47
Q

2 types of ganglia in PNS

A
  • sensory ganglia = cell bodies of sensory neurons (dorsal root ganglia)
  • autonomic ganglia = cell bodies of motor neurons only in the ANS (involuntary)
48
Q

efferent

A

motor

49
Q

afferent

A

sensory

50
Q

structure of peripheral nerves = 3 layers of connective tissue

A
  1. Endoneurium = covers individual axons
  2. Perineurium = covers individual fascicles
  3. Epineurium = covers the whole nerve
51
Q

bundle of axons is called

A

a fascicle

52
Q

spinal nerves are mixed

A

contain both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibres

53
Q

neuroglia = glia/glial cells which are

A

supporting cells for neurons

54
Q

Glial cell dysfunction implicated in

A

neurological disorders e.g. autism, schizophrenia, neurodegeneration

55
Q

types of glial cells in CNS -> eamo

A
  • ependymal cells
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocytes
56
Q

types of glial cells in PNS -> ss

A
  • satellite cells

- schwann cells

57
Q

astrocytes = most common

CNS

A
  • Structural
  • Glucose metabolism - glucose -> lactate then can be taken up by neurons
  • Growth - produce growth factors
  • BBB regulation
  • Potassium clearance -> pump K+ into capillaries
  • Ultimate layer of protection around brain and CNS
  • Regulate neurotransmitters
58
Q

ependymal cells

CNS

A
  • Lining walls of ventricles (cavities in brain filled with CSF)
  • Lining of CNS
  • Produce CSF
  • Have cilia on luminal side
59
Q

microglia = less common

CNS

A
  • Immune defence

- Become phagocytic

60
Q

oligodendrocytes = myelinate axons

CNS

A

1 does about 50

most common in white matter

61
Q

PNS glia = schwann cells

A

similar to oligodendrocytes =

  • phagocytic activity
  • myelinate axons in PNS

membranes wrap around axon - myelin lipid insulation

62
Q

PNS glia = satellite cells

A

surround sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia
regulate external environment
similar to astrocytes
very sensitive to injury + inflammation

63
Q

myelination occurs in both…

A

CNS (oligodendrocytes) and PNS (schwann cells)

64
Q

process of myelination

A

wrap axon in spiral of concentric layers of fatty myelinated membrane

65
Q

myelination ability for schwann cells vs oligodendrocytes

A

schwann cell (PNS) = only one part of one axon

oligodendrocytes (CNS) = around several full axons

66
Q

unmyelinated axon

A

= not naked! still associate with schwann cell

  • have supporting schwann cell
  • axon lies in channel called mesaxon
  • one schwann cell can support several axons
67
Q

classifying demyelinating disease = damage to myelin sheath

A
  1. Demyelinating myelinoclastic

2. Demyelinating leukodystrophic

68
Q

Demyelinating myelinoclastic =

A

secondary cause, damage due to toxins

69
Q

Demyelinating leukodystrophic =

A

primary cause, damage due to abnormal myelin, degenerates

genetic causes, some idiopathic

70
Q

MS = common demyelinating disease in CNS

A

aetiology = autoimmune

  • Environmental/genetic factors lead to loss of tolerance to self-proteins
  • Inflammation and injury to the myelin sheath and nerve fibres
  • Multiple areas of scarring (sclerosis i.e. lesions/plaques)
  • Physical, mental, psychiatric problems
71
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic fibre length

A

long, myelinated

72
Q

sympathetic postganglionic fibre

A

long, many branches

73
Q

sympathetic preganglionic fibre

A

short, myelinated

74
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic fibre

A

short, few branches

75
Q

neurotransmitter preganglionic

A 
symp = ACh
parasymp = ACh
76
Q

neurotransmitter postganglionic

A 
symp = noradrenaline (=speed up response)
parasymp = ACh
77
Q

what is nerve classification based on

A
  • fibre diameter

- conduction velocity

78
Q

two nerve classification systems are

= applied to both somatic + autonomic

A

letters A, B, C = motor fibres + some non-muscle sensory fibres

roman numerals I, II, III, IV = sensory fibres from muscle

79
Q

nerve classification I, II, III, IV

A

I = fastest
for sensory motor afferents
from dorsal root = sensory neurons

80
Q

nerve classification A, B, C

A

A = fastest
for motor efferents
from ventral root = motorneurons

81
Q

exception for nerve classification

A

non-myelinated sensory fibres are frequently referred to as C-fibres, not type IV

82
Q

nerve conduction velocity (NVC)

-> greater the axon diameter and extent of myelination, the faster the conduction velocity

A
  • A = ~120 m/sec; B = ~18 m/sec; C = 0.5-2.0 m/sec

* I = 75-120 m/sec; II = 35-75 m/sec; III = 5-35 m/sec; IV = 0.5-2.0 m/sec

83
Q

NCV myelinated vs non-myelinated

A

Myelinated fibres thick (>4µm) - higher NCV than non-myelinated fibres thin (<2µm)

84
Q

classifications of axons from skin

A
  • A-alpha – group 1 – proprioceptors of skeletal muscle
  • A-beta – group 2 – mechanoreceptors of skin
  • A-delta – group 3 – pain or temperature
  • C – group 4 – temperature, itch and pain
B = preganglionic sympathetic
C = postganglionic sympathetic
85
Q

sensory receptors classified by location

A
  • Exteroceptors – external surface
  • Interoceptors – internal organs
  • Proprioceptors – internal, but concerned with position of muscles, tendons, joints
86
Q

sensory receptors classified by stimulus detected

A
  • Mechanoreceptors – touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
  • Thermoreceptors – hot, cold, temperature change
  • Photoreceptors - light
  • Chemoreceptors – chemicals
  • Nociceptors – pain (usually chemicals)
87
Q

nociceptors detect…

A

pain

88
Q

sensory receptor ending = muscle spindle

A

skeletal muscles – stretch – non-adapting

89
Q

sensory receptor ending = free endings, unencapsulated

A

connective tissue, joints and skin – pain/touch/pressure and light – slow or fast adapting

90
Q

sensory receptor ending = Meissner’s/ Krause’s bulbs

A

oral mucosa, lips, genitalia, fingertips – touch, vibration, light pressure – rapid adapting

91
Q

sensory receptor ending = Ruffini organs

A

deep dermis, ligaments, joint, cartilage – stretch, deep pressure – very slow adapting

IMS Nerves and muscles (5 decks)

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