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bds4 virology > 1 - Oral viral infections > Flashcards

1 - Oral viral infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a virus?

A
  • simple chemical composition
  • no intracellular organelles
  • they are obligate intracellular parasites
  • genetic information carried as DNA or RNA
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2
Q

Give an example of a DNA virus.

A

Human herpes viruses

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3
Q

Give an example of a RNA virus.

A

Paramyxovirus (mumps)

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4
Q

What are the key stages of viral replication?

A
  • binding
  • entry
  • release and nuclear transport
  • nuclear entry
  • gene expression
  • DNA replication
  • packaging
  • egress
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5
Q

What is shorthand for provisional diagnosis?

A

Two triangles

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6
Q

What is shorthand for diagnosis?

A

One triangle

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7
Q

What is used for a viral swab?

A
  • flocked swab
  • placed in molecular sample solution (MSS)
  • after immersion remove swab
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8
Q

What is used for a blood sample?

A
  • placed in purple topped tube
  • EDTA solution
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9
Q

What information is required on a virology request form?

A
  • patient details and clinician details
  • provisional diagnosis
  • date of onset
  • specify test required
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10
Q

What viruses typically present with a maculopapular/erythematous appearance?

A
  • enterovirus
  • HHV6/7
  • measles
  • rubella
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11
Q

What viruses typically present with a vesicular appearance?

A
  • HSV1/2
  • HZV
  • enterovirus
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12
Q

What viruses typically present with ulcers?

A
  • HSV
  • enterovirus
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13
Q

Define maculopapular.

A

A mix of macules (flat discolored areas of skin) and papules (small raised bumps)

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14
Q

What is used for detection of viral nucleic acid?

A

Nucleic acid amplification

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15
Q

What antibody indicates a primary response?

A

IgM

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16
Q

What antibody indicates a secondary response?

A

IgG

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17
Q

What viruses are part of the HHV group?

A
  • HSV1
  • HSV2
  • varicella zoster
  • epstein barr
  • cytomegalovirus
  • HHV6
  • HHV7
  • HHV8 (Kaposi’s Sarcoma)
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18
Q

Describe the clinical features of HSV1 and HSV2 infection.

A
  • gingivo stomatitis
  • herpes labialis
  • keratoconjunctivitis
  • herpetic whitlow
  • bell’s palsy
  • genital herpes
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19
Q

Define herpetic whitlow.

A

A lesion (whitlow), typically on a finger or thumb, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV)

20
Q

What are the key stages of HSV pathogenesis?

A
  • acute infection in periphery epithelial cells
  • latency within nerves (retrograde transport)
  • reactivation within nerves (anterograde transport)
  • presents with cold sores, viral shedding, epithelial cell death
21
Q

What percentage of the population have HSV?

A

> 90%

22
Q

What is the reservoir for HSV?

A

Saliva

23
Q

What is the route of transmission of HSV?

A

Direct by close contact

24
Q

How can an immunocompromised patient present with reactivation of HSV?

A

Painful ulceration on the tongue

25
Q

What is used for chemoprophylaxis for recurrent HSV?

A

200mg x5 daily acyclovir

26
Q

What antiviral therapy is available for an acute episode?

A

Topical acyclovir 5%

27
Q

What complications are associated with varicella viral infections?

A
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • pneumonia
  • congenital perinatal/neonatal
28
Q

What complications are assorted with zoster viral infections (shingles)?

A
  • post herpetic neuralgia
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • ophthalmic zoster
  • Ramsay Hunt syndrome
29
Q

What is Ramsay Hunt syndrome?

A

Paralysis of facial nerve

30
Q

How does shingles present?

A
  • vesicles present in a dermatome related to the ganglia that the virus has been dormant
  • area is intensely painful and may experience paraesthesia
31
Q

What antiviral therapy is available for shingles?

A

Acyclovir 800mg x5 daily for 7 days

32
Q

How does hand, foot and mouth disease present?

A
  • fever, runny nose, sneezing, cough
  • maculopapular rash, mouth blisters, body and muscle aches
33
Q

What causes hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

Enterovirus (Coxsackie)

34
Q

How does hand, foot and mouth disease spread?

A
  • nose/throat secretions
  • fluid from blisters/scabs
  • faeces
35
Q

Who typically presents with hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

<5 years

36
Q

What is the management of hand, foot and mouth disease?

A
  • symptomatic relief
  • prevent dehydration
  • hand hygiene essential to prevent spread
37
Q

What are Koplicks spots?

A

Tiny white spots on buccal mucosa caused by measles infection

38
Q

What is utilised to get a lab diagnosis of measles?

A

Mouth swab and PCR

39
Q

What is utilised to get a lab diagnosis of monkeypox?

A

Mouth swab and PCR

40
Q

How does mumps present?

A
  • uni or bilateral swelling of parotid glands
  • headache and fever
41
Q

What causes mumps?

A

Paramyxovirus family

42
Q

Which HPV is a high risk for head and neck cancer?

A

HPV-16

43
Q

How does monkeypox present?

A
  • self limiting disease
  • rash 1-5 days post fever
  • blistering rash or skin lesions in mouth, on skin and genitals
44
Q

What is acyclovir?

A
  • antiviral drug
  • acyclic purine nucleoside
45
Q

How does acyclovir work?

A
  • inhibits DNA polymerase in viral DNA
  • mimics guanine (DNA nucleotide) and binds to the substrate, this faulty molecule can no longer replicate
46
Q

What viral enzyme interacts with acyclovir?

A

Thymidine kinase

47
Q

When is acyclovir effective?

A
  • only when there is an acute infection/reactivation
  • acyclovir only targets virus when there is active replication
  • latent infections are not affected

bds4 virology (1 decks)

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