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Binocular Vision > 1. Optometric examination of children > Flashcards

1. Optometric examination of children Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key stages in a paediatric eye test:

A

*History ( to child, parent or parent only depending on age of px )
*Visual function (Vision & Visual Acuities and if needed contrast sensitivity depending on age of child)
*Refraction - objective refraction i.e retinoscopy under cycloplegia and subjective refraction but depends on the age of the child
*Binocular vision status – cover test, ocular motility
*Colour Vision (if appropriate)
*Anterior segment and Fundus examination

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2
Q

What comes under binocular vision status children tests for children:

A

*Ocular motility
*Cover test

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3
Q

Examining infants and children:

A

Observe child in the waiting area….
*Do you notice a squint for example
*Is the child wearing glasses - myopic or hyperopic
*Are they looking through/over their glasses
*Are they wearing an eye patch

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4
Q

What could child with high hyperopic rx have:

A

ESOT

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5
Q

What could child wearing patch indicate:

A

That they’re amblyopic

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6
Q

History taking in paediatrics dos and donts:

A

*Your observation should continue into the examining room
*Tailor history according to child’ age
*Introduce yourself to parent and child
*Talk to the child (if appropriate) not the parents, this may mean that you have to come to the child’s eye level!
*Use the child’s name frequently
*Always praise the child, don’t criticise
*Good to have a selection of toys and ensure the practice is child friendly
- Might have to call child in another day to complete tests because child lost attention and didnt complete all tests

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7
Q

What to include in history for paediatrics

A

*Establish why the child has come for an eye test?
*If they (parents/carers) are worried what is it they are specifically worried about
*When did the worries begin, frequency, duration, triggering factors, are they getting worse?
*Past ocular history
*Family history
*Birth history
*Normal milestones
*Medical history
*Medications
*Allergies

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8
Q

Examples of reasons for child coming in to eye test:

A

*Routine if FH of squint and want childs eye tested not noticed anything abnormal
*Problem e.g. failed vision screening at school
*Or parent noticed child cant see well DV
*Baby not making eye contact or copying facial expressions
*Child close to TV

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9
Q

Example of squint as worry:

A

*Did they notice it from birth
*Do eyes squint all the time or occasionally
*Cause of squint
*Association – any time it gets worse

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10
Q

What could child have if parent says they have esotropia i.e eye squinting inwards:

A

Pseudostrabismus

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11
Q

What does it mean if close family member has squint or high refractive error:

A

Child could have it too high chance

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12
Q

What could child have if parent says they have EXOT

A

Exotropia

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13
Q

Examples of past ocular history child eye test:

A

*Patching
*Squint
*Amblyopia
*Hospital visits
*Surgery

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14
Q

Examples of family history child eye test:

A

*Patching
*Squint
*Amblyopia
*Hospital visits

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15
Q

Examples of birth history child eye test:

A

*Pre-term
*Full term
*Birth weight
*Type of delivery
*Maternal illness during pregnancy

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16
Q

What is full term baby associated with:

A

Refractive errors and other eye conditions

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17
Q

What can happen in forceps delivery:

A

Corneal tear

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18
Q

Examples of key developmental milestones for infant to 1 year old:

A

*Able to drink from a cup
*Able to sit alone, without support
*Babbles
*Displays social smile
*Gets first tooth
*Plays peek-a-boo
*Pulls self to standing position
*Walk at right time
*Rolls over by self
*Says mama and dada, using terms appropriately
*Understands “NO” and will stop activity in response
*Walks while holding on to furniture or other support

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19
Q

Important milestones newborn to 3 year olds:

A

*Understand several short words- 1 year
*Imitate sounds- 1 year
*Speak 20 words or more- 1.5 years
*Use short sentences- 2 years
*Know name and gender- 3 years
*Understand abstract words- 5 years
*Touch object with forefinger- 10 months
*Begin to knows colours- 3 years

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20
Q

Visual development - what acuity can children see:

A

*Birth: VA of 6/120, focus at 25cm, responds to stimuli
*2 months: stable eye contact
*3 months: focus at 20-40cm; fixes/follows/looks for objects
*5 months: eyes straight, watch and copy hand movements
*9 months: recognise faces
*3 years visual acuity 6/12
*4 years visual acuity 6/9
*5 years visual acuity 6/6

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21
Q

Types of visual acuity testing:

A

*Electrophysiological testing = objective method of measuring VA
*Behavioural testing = subjective method of measuring VA i.e depends on response of child

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22
Q

What is electrophysiological testing

A

Objective method of measuring VA

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23
Q

What is behavioural testing

A

Subjective method of measuring VA

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24
Q

Is visual acuity testing in children binocular or monocular

A

*Monocularly
*Cause will have different VA in each eye and if you measure VA binocularly, you cant pick that up

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25
Q

How else can you test VA in child:

A

*Observe behaviour when child occluded
*So occlude one of childs eye and see if child is happy with that
*Usually from 3 months
*Child will object to ‘good’ eye being covered
*If child objecting it means you are covering their only eye with good vision

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26
Q

What age can you start testing child VA

A

From 3 months

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27
Q

What condition can you only do monocular testing:

A

Amblyopia

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28
Q

Types of electrophysiological testing:

A

*Flash VEP stimulus- from birth
*Pattern VEP stimulus

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29
Q

When would you use electrophysiological testing:

A

*In hospitals
*When you cant get a reading of what child can see

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30
Q

What does flash VEP involve:

A

Sitting child in front of screen or bowl and show them flashing light

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31
Q

What does pattern VEP involve:

A

Show them pattern – checkerboard which keeps flashing or moving

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32
Q

What does electrophysiological testing involve:

A

*Looking at signals that go to brain from these patterns
*So when child is looking at flashing light or checkerboard pattern, there are visual signals going to the occipital cortex
*And the flash VEP can look at those signals
*So there are electrodes placed over occipital cortex on head
*And can see latency of responses and whether responses are delayed
*Child doesn’t have good VA if delayed

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33
Q

What does it mean if responses of electrophysiological testing are delayed:

A

Child doesn’t have good VA if delayed

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34
Q

Why wouldnt you generally use electrophysiological testing

A

Because need instrument and dont have that in clinics

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35
Q

What method of measuring va is used in clinics

A

Preferential looking test

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36
Q

What sort of test is preferential looking:

A

*Behavioural test
*Resolution test

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37
Q

What does preferential looking test measure:

A

*Ability to detect and resolve a target ( use black and white target )
*Infants would prefer to look at a pattern than a blank stimulus’
*Ability to discriminate different spatial frequencies (or other metrics)

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38
Q

What kind of target does preferential looking test use:

A

Black and white target

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39
Q

How does preferential looking test work:

A

*‘Infants would prefer to look at a pattern than a blank stimulus’
*Ability to discriminate different spatial frequencies (or other metrics)
*Ability to detect and resolve a target ( use black and white target )
*Behavioural and resolution test
*1 black and 1 white line = 1 cycle
*How many black and white lines in 1cm
*Usually black and white target
*Measure how many cycles you get per cm and convert how many cycles you get per degree – depends on distance your sitting from test
*Need to make sure pattern is Iso-illuminant stimuli i.e pattern has same luminance as grey blob

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40
Q

What is important in preferential looking test:

A

Need to make sure pattern is Iso-illuminant stimuli i.e pattern has same luminance as grey blob

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41
Q

What is 1 cycle:

A

1 black and 1 white line

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42
Q

What is meant by iso illuminant stimuli:

A

Pattern has same luminance as grey blob

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43
Q

Which px’s is preferential looking not good for:

A

*Less sensitive to amblyopic defects especially in strabismus
*Because it’s a resolution test and resolution tests are easier to do

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44
Q

What is spatial frequency and what is it measured in:

A

Black and white line measured in cycles/degree

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45
Q

What does narrower stripes mean:

A

Higher spatial frequency = harder to see

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46
Q

What does wider stripes mean:

A

Lower spatial frequency = easier to see

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47
Q

How do you obtain result for preferential looking test:

A

Measure how many cycles you get per cm and convert how many cycles you get per degree – depends on distance your sitting from test

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48
Q

What age do you do preferential looking VA:

A

0 - 24 months

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49
Q

Examples of preferential looking tests:

A

*Teller Acuity Cards
*Keeler acuity cards (City Sight)
*Lea Grating paddles
*Cardiff acuity cards (Vanishing optotypes) (City Sight)
*Peekaboo App

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50
Q

Keeler acuity cards:

A

*Working Distance: 38cm
*Usually 15 cards with black-&-white stripes on right or left side, 1 blank card
*4mm hole in centre
*Range 0.32 to 38 cycles per degree
*Usually start with low spatial frequency/poor VA i.e broader black and white stripes and move in 1 or half octave steps up (if correct response or down if incorrect response) i.e 1 card or jump a card
*If child doing well and responses are quick then can skip cards
*Correctly identifies the same stimulus twice means the child can resolve that card
*Clinically significant interocular difference: Greater than/equal 2 cards

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51
Q

Range of VA for keeler acuity cards:

A

0.32 to 38 cycles per degree

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52
Q

How do you know child can resolve card in keeler acuity:

A

Correctly identifies the same stimulus twice means the child can resolve that card

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53
Q

Summary of keeler acuity cards method:

A

*Look through hole
*Present card to px
*Trying to see if px is looking at stripes or not

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54
Q

Working distance for keeler acuity cards:

A

38cm

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55
Q

Example of keeler acuity cards method:

A

-If started with 6/60 card and child doing well then can go to 6/24 or 6/18 card
-If child not doing so well or responses not so clear, might want to go from 6/60 to 6/36

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56
Q

What should VA be in each eye:

A

Similar e.g. if 6/6 in one eye then want 6/6 in other eye OR can have slight difference

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57
Q

What difference in VA is not good in keeler acuity cards:

A

Clinically significant interocular difference: Greater than/equal 2 cards

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58
Q

Cardiff acuity cards:

A

*Vanishing optotypes
*Also used in special needs patients – stroke, dementia
*Pictures (duck, house, fish, car, train, boat dog) at top or bottom
*No crowding – if present letter, theres nothing surrounding that letter but if line of letters or letter in box = crowding
*If someone has amblyopic defect, if show them non crowded target, they may still be able to read 6/9 but if crowded, 6/36
*May overestimate VA if have a test that measures non crowded VA

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59
Q

What sort of test are cardiff acuity cards

A
  • Vanishing optotypes
  • Pictures (duck, house, fish, car, train, boat dog) at top or bottom
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60
Q

What type of pxs are Cardiff acuity cards used in:

A

Special needs pxs e.g. stroke, dementia

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61
Q

How are Cardiff acuity cards different for someone who is ablyopic:

A

If someone has amblyopic defect, if show them non crowded target, they may still be able to read 6/9 but if crowded, 6/36

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62
Q

What is bad about test with non crowded VA:

A

May overestimate VA if have a test that measures non crowded VA

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63
Q

Crowding vs non crowding:

A

No crowding – if present letter, theres nothing surrounding that letter but if line of letters or letter in box = crowding

64
Q

Method of cardiff acuity cards:

A

*50cm or 1m depending on age
*3 cards for each of the 11 acuity levels
*Present cards at eye level and watch eye movements
*Start with card with widest target (lowest acuity level)
*Observe eye movements
*Masked to tester
*2 out of 3 responses correct – go to next lower acuity
*Clinically significant interocular difference: Greater than 2 cards

65
Q

Which VA range to use in cardiff acuity cards:

A

*1.0- 0.1 LogMAR using at 1m (older children)
*1.3-0.5 LogMAR using at 50cm (younger children)

66
Q

Working distance for cardiff acuity cards:

A

50cm or 1m depending on age

67
Q

What difference in VA is not good in cardiff acuity cards:

A

Clinically significant interocular difference: Greater than 2 cards

68
Q

Normal values for cardiff acuity cards:

A
69
Q

Peekaboo App:

A

*2 forced choice or 4 forced choice
*Free Ipad App
*Touching the right grating pattern results in a yippee sound and a cartoon appearing, positive feedback, four or two choices
*Results comparable to Keeler
*Get px to touch screen
*Working distance 25 – 50cm
*VA measured 0.2-1.3 LogMAR
*

70
Q

What sort of test is peekaboo app:

A

Preferential looking test

71
Q

Working distance for peekaboo app:

A

*25 - 50 cm
*Can change it

72
Q

What VA is measure for peekaboo app:

A

VA measured 0.2-1.3 LogMAR

73
Q

What age can you do peekaboo app:

A

10 months

74
Q

What age if preferential looking tests for:

A

Up to age of 2

75
Q

How to test VA for older children 2 years and above:

A

*Recognition acuity tests: Ability to detect, resolve and recognise a target
*2 years: usually use picture matching
*3 years: can use picture and or letter matching
*Greater than 3 years can consider naming pictures or letters
*Matching cards can be supplied at home for practice before clinic visit

76
Q

What tests are used for children >2:

A

Recognition acuity tests

77
Q

Advantage of Recognition acuity tests:

A

More sensitive to amblyopic defects especially in strabismus and especially if you use crowded targets

78
Q

What is definition of recognition acuity:

A

Ability to detect, resolve and recognise a target

79
Q

Kay pictures:

A

*Pictures of common objects known to a child (E.g. duck, house, apple)
*Single pictures or crowding pictures in LogMAR format (3m)
*Single pictures in Snellen format (3 or 6 metres)
*Each line equivalent to 0.1 LogMAR acuity
*Tests also available as an app for iPad
*Clinically significant interocular difference (Crowded) :Greater than 3 pictures (less than 4 years); Greater 1 than picture (above 4 years)

80
Q

What VA is used for kay pictures:

A

*1.0 – 0.1 LogMAR ( 3m )
*3/3 (6/6) – 3/30 (6/60) (3 or 6m )

81
Q

What test distance is kay pictures done:

A

*Single pictures or crowding in LogMAR format (3m)
*Single pictures in Snellen format (3 or 6 metres)

82
Q

What is each line of VA in kay picyures:

A

0.1 LogMAR

83
Q

What difference in VA is not good in kay pictures:

A
  • Clinically significant interocular difference (Crowded) :
    - Greater than 3 pictures (less than 4 years)
    - Greater 1 than picture (above 4 years)
84
Q

Lea symbols:

A

*Same principles as LogMAR test
*Single and Crowded version of letters
*Test distance 3m
*Test symbols: Simple shapes familiar to small children which blur equally: Square, House, Circle and Apple
*If shapes are blurred, child cant distinguish between them cause they all look the same

85
Q

Working distance for lea symbols:

A

3m

86
Q

What VA is used for lea symbols:

A

0.10-2.0 LogMAR

87
Q

Letter matching tests - types of tests:

A

*Sheridan-Gardiner test
*Cambridge Crowded acuity test
*Tumbling E or Landolt’s C could be used - ask child to put finger out where E is pointing

88
Q

Sheridan-Gardiner test:

A

*Single letters 6m, can be performed at closer distances
*Uses flip chart
*No crowding
*Linear letters with crowding available
*6/60-6/4

89
Q

Cambridge Crowded acuity test

A

*Uses Sheridan-Gardiner letters 3m or 6m
*Identify the letter in centre which is surrounded by four others
*Crowding

90
Q

Keeler LogMAR Crowded test

A

*Flip-chart
*6/38 (0.80) to 6/3 (-0.30)
*3m
*LogMAR principles
*Screening and uncrowded sets also available
*Similar to Sonsken Silver (uses Sherdian Gardener letters) but more crowding as letters closer together
*Clinically significant interocular difference: 0.1 LogMAR; Sonsken Silver is 0.125 LogMAR

91
Q

What distance is keeler logMAR crowded test done at:

A

3m

92
Q

What VA’s are used for keeler logMAR crowded test:

A

6/38 (0.80) to 6/3 (-0.30)

93
Q

What difference in VA is not good in keeler logMAR crowded test:

A

Clinically significant interocular difference: 0.1 LogMAR

94
Q

Other methods of testing VA on children:

A

*Bradford Visual Function Box
*Hundreds and thousands/Visually directed reaching

95
Q

Bradford Visual Function Box test:

A

*Variety of targets of different sizes: beads, bauble, balls, toys and books
*Useful when none of the other VA tests work
*Observation response to the target e.g. eye movement, head movement
*How child reacts to the target
*Make judgment about their VA

96
Q

Hundreds and thousands/Visually directed reaching test:

A

*Usually over 6 months
*Small cake decorations (100s & 1000s) held in the palm of the hand
*Nine months: may prod the decorations i.e lift them up, eat them up
*One year: may attempt to pick up.
*VA roughly 6/60 @25 cm
*Rarely used

97
Q

What tests to use on birth to 2 years for VA:

A
  • Keeler Acuity Cards
  • Peekaboo App
  • Cardiff Cards
    = preferential looking
98
Q

What tests to use on 2 - 4 years for VA:

A

*Picture naming/matching
*Lea symbols
*Kay pictures

99
Q

What tests to use on 3 - 5 years for VA:

A

Letter naming/matching
*Sheridan-Gardiner
*Sonksen-Silver
*Cambridge Crowding Cards
*Keeler LogMAR acuity cards
*Landolt C/Tumbling E
*Can also use picture naming and matching so Kay pictures and Lea symbols
*Remember crowded cards better
*Above 5 years regular charts

100
Q

When to use regular charts

A

> 5 years

101
Q

How to measure near vision for 2 years onwards:

A

*Kay Picture Near Test
*Lea Symbols Near vision
*Reduced Snellen (Landolt’s C/ Tumbling E)

102
Q

What age to measure near vision in child:

A

2 years and above

103
Q

What is the kay picture near test:

A

*Age: 2 years onwards
*Working distance: 33cm
*Using k pictures
*Crowded & Uncrowded
*See what child can read

104
Q

What is the lea symbols near vision test:

A

*Age: 2 years onwards
*Working distance: 40cm
*6/120 – 6/3

105
Q

What age is reduced Snellen (Landolt’s C/ Tumbling E) used for:

A

2 years onwards

106
Q

What are the two tests to measure contrast sensitivity on children:

A

*Cardiff Contrast Sensitivity Test
*Hiding Heidi

107
Q

Cardiff Contrast Sensitivity Test:

A

*Same vanishing optotypes as the Cardiff Acuity
*Three cards at each contrast level from 46% to 1% in twelve steps.
*Testing distance usually 50cm
*Use preferential looking test or matching/naming depending on age
*12 months onwards but probably use from younger
*Get px to point where symbol is or is symbol is up or down if older child
*If younger child, see where they look i.e preferential looking

108
Q

What distance is cardiff contrast sensitivity done at:

A

50cm

109
Q

What age to use Cardiff Contrast Sensitivity Test:

A

12 months onwards

110
Q

Hiding Heidi test:

A

*Five contrast levels: 25%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, and 1.25%
*Two cards: White and one with ‘Heidi’ – ask px to point to where Heidi is
*Use preferential looking test if 0 months or matching/naming if old
*0 months onwards
*Variable working distance infant/examiner dependent

111
Q

What age to use Hiding Heidi:

A

0 months onwards

112
Q

Tests on children to test binocular function:

A

*Cover test
*Hirschberg test
*Extra Ocular Motility
*Motor fusion
*Sensory Fusion
*Near point of convergence
*Stereopsis
*Accommodation

113
Q

What determines which test to use on child:

A

*Age
*The circumstances
*What want to obtain from eye test

114
Q

Cover test on children:

A

*Very useful test- Gold standard
*Accommodation needs to be simulated so use an interesting target, e.g. a toy with some detail, sticker etc = can ask questions about the target to stimulate interest
*Can use palm/thumb to occlude child’s eye rather than occluder

115
Q

What is a gold standard binocular function test:

A

Cover test

116
Q

How can you activate accommodation in cover test:

A

Use an interesting target, e.g. a toy with some detail, sticker etc = can ask questions about the target

117
Q

What is it common and normal to have on cover test for children:

A

EXOP at near with rapid recovery

118
Q

Reason for doing cover test or Hirschberg test:

A

If child has squint or not

119
Q

Hirschberg Test on children:

A

*Useful if cover test is difficult
*Can flash light on and off to encourage fixation
*Use pen torch and look at corneal reflexes in childs eye at 50cm
*Temporal reflex = esotropia.
*Nasal reflex=exotropia.
*Reflex higher in one eye suggests hypotropia

120
Q

Working distance for Hirschberg Test:

A

50cm

121
Q

Use of Hirschberg test:

A

Determine if child has manifest deviation

122
Q

What does temporal and nasal reflex suggest result:

A

*Temporal reflex = esotropia
*Nasal reflex=exotropia

123
Q

What does it mean if reflex higher in one eye than other and is asymmetrical:

A

Hypotropia or hyperopia depending on which eye youre looking at

124
Q

EOM test on children:

A

*Needs interesting target, could use flashing lights, auditory stimulus may be useful.
*In very small children may need to move childs head rather than target as may not understand

125
Q

Motor fusion 20D BO test:

A

*BO prism is held before either eye in turn LE and RE, both eyes
*Child fixating suitable target.
*Looking for fusional movements
*Eye behind prism should adduct rapidly to restore fusion and abduct again on removal
*Speed of the fusion movement helps establish binocularity
*Start with 20Δ BO then reduce to 15Δ BO to 10Δ BO if slow to overcome

126
Q

Abnormal responses of 20D BO test:

A

*No movement
*Either no fusion or lack of attention
*Slow to overcome the prism/slow/poor recovery
*Possibly poor fusion
*Prism fusion range (full) can be attempted in school going children
*Normal movements
*Nothing to worry about

127
Q

What to check in 20D BO test:

A

*What the recovery is and if theyre slow to overcome
*Speed of the fusion movement helps establish binocularity
*Looking for fusional movements

128
Q

What helps establish binocularity in 20D BO test:

A

Speed of the fusion movement

129
Q

What test can you do on child if they go to school:

A

Full prism fusion range

130
Q

What age is 20D BO test good for:

A

Children not at school, young children

131
Q

What should happen to eye in 20D BO test:

A

*Eye behind prism should adduct rapidly to restore fusion
*And abduct again on removal

132
Q

What to do if no response with 20D BO prism:

A

Reduce to 15Δ BO to 10Δ BO if slow to overcome

133
Q

What can you measure in older child:

A

Sensory fusion

134
Q

What test do you use for sensory fusion in children:

A

*Worth 4 dot test / Worth’s lights
*Bagolini lenses /glasses

135
Q

Worth 4 dot test / Worth’s lights:

A

*Four lights, usually round but can be different shapes
*2 green
*1 red
*1 white
*View through red and green goggles
*Red filter before RE / green filter before LE

136
Q

What does it mean if px only seeing green light:

A

RE suppression

137
Q

Why test sensory fusion in children:

A

*Normal Retinal Correspondence.
*Diplopia (Exotropia and Esotropia)
*Suppression
*ARC

138
Q

Bagolini lenses:

A

*Put bagolini lenses in front of pxs eyes
*Spot light seen by both eyes
*Striations oriented in different directions for each eye
*Striated lenses positioned at 45 & 135 degrees
*Streaks of light seen separately by either eye
*Show them torchlight
*Torchlight forms streaks

139
Q

What does bagolini lenses test for:

A

If px has..
*Normal Retinal Correspondence.
*Diplopia (Exotropia and Esotropia)
*Suppression
*ARC

140
Q

Near Point of Convergence in children:

A

*Gross convergence ability
*Use an interesting accommodative target such as a toy or a sticker
*Move target towards child until one eye turns out/eyes converge till nose

141
Q

What do you see in Near Point of Convergence test:

A

When one eye diverges or do they continue diverging towards nose

142
Q

What sort of test is Near Point of Convergence in children

A

*Gross convergence ability
*Objective when on young child

143
Q

Normal values for near point of convergence in children:

A

*Dependant on age
*Children/ younger adults <6cms
*Older = 10cm
*Break 5cms recovery 7cms

144
Q

Normal value for near point of convergence in adults:

A

10cm

145
Q

What age can you measure near point convergence:

A

Should be able to do from about 6 months

146
Q

Measuring stereopsis on children – normal value:

A

*Based on age & test
*For example 40” of arc for adults > 9 years old
*60” for adults with TNO

147
Q

Examples of stereopsis test to use on children:

A

*Lang’s two pencil test
*Lang stereo-test- good for young children
*Frisby test
*TNO
*Titmus test
*Randot test

148
Q

Which stereopsis test is good for young children:

A

Lang stereo-test

149
Q

Lang strereotest:

A

*Random dot test
*No glasses required
*Lang 1 (cat, car, star)
*At 40 cm: 1200” to 550”
*Lang 2 (elephant, car, star, moon)
*At 40 cm: 600” – 200”
*Good screening test

150
Q

What distance is lang stereotest done:

A

40cm

151
Q

What sort of test is Lang strereotest:

A

Good screening test

152
Q

Frisby stereo test:

A

*No glasses
*4 squares of shapes per sheet
*3 thicknesses of sheet: 6mm, 3mm and 1mm
*Disparity 875” to 20”
* Viewing distance: 30 cm – 80cm
*One square contains a central circle
*Observe behaviour or ask question about circles
*Turn around sheet ask again
*Responses seen in infants as young as 6 months

153
Q

Frisby stereo test screening test:

A

*2 squares of shapes per sheet instead of 2
*2 sheets

154
Q

What distance is frisby stereotest done:

A

30 cm – 80cm

155
Q

Frisby stereotest young child:

A

*Will be preferential looking test
*Responses seen in infants as young as 6 months
*Need to see where child is looking

156
Q

Normal values for frisby test

A

Binocular Vision (1 decks)

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