Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A2) Fertilizers and their Efficient Use > 1. Nutrients. Basic Processes. > Flashcards

1. Nutrients. Basic Processes. Flashcards

1
Q

17 Essential nutrients for crop growth?

A

Supplied from air and water:

  1. Carbon (C)
  2. Hydrogen (H)
  3. Oxygen (O)

Three Macronutrients supplied from the soil and must be replaced using fertilizers:

  1. Nitrogen (N)
  2. Phosphorus (P)
  3. Potassium (K)

Secondary Nutrients needed in smaller amounts:

  1. Suplhur (S)
  2. Calcium (Ca)
  3. Magnesium (Mg)
The Micronutrients:
1. Boron (B)
2. Iron (Fe)
3. Manganese (Mn)
4. Zinc (Zn)
5. Copper (Cu)
6. Molybdenium (Mo)
7. Chlorine (Cl)
8. Nickel (Ni)
Needed in very smaller amounts, but play essential roles as catalysts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Supplied from air and water?

A
  1. Carbon (C)
  2. Hydrogen (H)
  3. Oxygen (O)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three Macronutrients supplied from the soil and must be replaced using fertilizers?

A
  1. Nitrogen (N)
  2. Phosphorus (P)
  3. Potassium (K)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secondary Nutrients needed in smaller amounts?

A
  1. Suplhur (S)
  2. Calcium (Ca)
  3. Magnesium (Mg)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Micronutrients?

A
  1. Boron (B)
  2. Iron (Fe)
  3. Manganese (Mn)
  4. Zinc (Zn)
  5. Copper (Cu)
  6. Molybdenium (Mo)
  7. Chlorine (Cl)
  8. Nickel (Ni)

Needed in very smaller amounts, but play essential roles as catalysts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Technologies and principles used in applications of fertilizers?

A
  1. GPS used to guide fertilizer applications and other field activities.
  2. GIS (Geographical Information Systems) allow farmers and their advisors to geographically reference information about the fields.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Principle of 4 Rights?

A

Right Nutrients
Right Rate
Right Time
Right Place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ierarchy of FBMP ( Fertilizer Best Management Practices)?

A
  1. Integrated Farming System
    1. Integrated Crop Management
  3. 1.1. Integrated Soil Fertility Management
  4. 1.1.1. Integrated Plant Nutrient Management
  5. 1.1.1.1. Fertilizer Best Management Practices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What accounts for about 50% of world fertilizer use?

A

Cereal Production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Developing countries, global fertilizer consumption and 30 years retrospective?

A

About 70% of global fertilizer consumption is in developing countries.

Except for
- Oceania
- Eastern Europe 
- Central Asia 
cereal yields in many industrialized regions have continues to increase in the past 30 years without significant increases in N fertilizer use, due to substantial increases in fertilizer use eficiency.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Main Reasons to apply fertilizers?

A
  • To satisfy the demand of crops with high yield potential.
  • Compensate nutrients removed by plants or leaching & volatilization.
  • Improve and maintain soil fertility level.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Soils of the Humid tropics? Characteristics?

5

A

1) Partly Very Acid ( Liming is required, generally to pH 5.5 or above)
2) Low in available P or liable to P-Fixation (use of fertilizer P is therefore oftne essential, combined if necessary with liming)
3) In very humid areas, often low in available K, Mg and S. High fertiliser requirements for these nutrients
4) Often low sorption of storage capacity for nutrients (so fertilizer application should be split between several dressings).
5) Often Low in available N, although the decomposable organic matter is rapidly mineralized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Liming?

A

Application (to soil) of calcium- and magnesium- rich materials in various forms.

  • Marl (мергель, известковая глина)
  • Chalk
  • Limestone (известняк)
  • Hydrated lime
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does Liming promotes?

A

Liming promotes nitrate leaching and decreases the phosphorus content of some leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Soils of the sub-tropics? (6)

A

1) Water shortage (without irigation, fertilizer use must be suitale adapted to efficient water use)
2) N is often the main critical nutrient, due to the low humus content
3) Widespread P deficiency, especially in sandy soils
4) Neutral soil reaction (therefore often a shortage of availbale Fe and Zn)
5) Risk of salinity due to lack of leaching of salts from the root zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Humus?

A

Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.

Some experts think humus makes soil more fertile. Others say humus helps prevent disease in plants and food crops.

17
Q

Soils of humid temperate zones?

7

A

1) Widespread soil activity which requires liming
2) Partly obstacles to root growth (e.g. hard layers in subsoil)
3) Often insufficient aeration (poor natural drainage of heavy soils)
4) Generally shortage of available N and often of P, K, Mg
5) Low Nutrient reserves in sandy soils also only little storage and therefore considerable leaching with water surplus.
6) Partial fixation of P and Mo (due to natural soil acidity) and Cu (in organic soils)
7) Climatic cold stress retarding nutrient uptake.

18
Q

Aeration?

A

Perforating the soil with small holes to allow air, water and nutrients to penetrate the grass roots.

19
Q

Which three macronutrients are required by plants in relatively large amounts?

A

1) (N) Nitrogen. Non reactive. Must be converted to reactive chemical forms (ammonium and nitrate) to be utilized by plants. This conversion is done by micro-organisms in the soil.
2) (P) Phosphorus usually occurs in large quantities in the soil minerals and organic matter and must be converted to inorganic phosphate ions (H2PO4; HPO4).
3) (K) Potassium exists in large quantities in the soil minerals and adsorbed in the ionic form to soil particled and organic matter. Plays a major role in transport of water and other ions across cell membranes.

20
Q

The three secondary macronutrients?

A

1) Suphur (S)
2) Calcium (Ca) - important structural component of cell walls.
3) Magnesium (Mg) - major role in potosynthesis as a central component of the chlorophyll molecule.

21
Q

The eight essential micronutrients needed by plants?

A

1) Iron (Fe)
2) Zinc (Zn)
3) Copper (Cu)
4) Manganese (Mn)
5) Molybdenium (Mo)
6) Chlorine (Cl)
7) Boron (B)
8) Nickel (Ni)

22
Q

Four other micronutrients that are essential or at leas beneficial to some plant species but not required by all?

A

1) Cobalt (Co)
2) Silicon (Si)
3) Sodium (Na)
4) Aluminium (Al)

23
Q

Classification of Types of mineral fertilizers?

A

1) By method of production
2) Number of nutrients
3) Type of combination
4) Physical condition
5) Mode of action

24
Q

Types of mineral fertilizers by method of production?

A
  • Natural (as found in nature or only slightly processed)

- Synthetic (manufactured by industrial processes)

25
Q

Types of mineral fertilizers by Number of nutrients?

A
  • Single nutrient or straight fertilizers 1

- Multi nutrient or compound fertilizers 2+

26
Q

Types of mineral fertilizers by Types of Combination?

A
  • Mixed fertilizers. Physical mixture of two or more singe-nutrient or multi-nutrient fertilizers. (BLEND OF GRANULES)
  • Complex fertilizers. In which two or more of the nutrients are chemically combined (NITROPHOSPHATE, AMMONIUM PHOPHATE)
27
Q

Types of mineral fertilizers by Physical condition?

A
  • Solid. Crystalline, powdered, prilled or granular.
  • Liquid. Solutions and suspensions
  • Gaseous. Liquid under pressure, e.g. ammonia)
28
Q

Types of mineral fertilizers by mode of action?

A
  • Quick Acting (water soluble and immediately available)

- Slow acting (transformation into soluble form required)

A2) Fertilizers and their Efficient Use (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions