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NAGE > 1 - Nucleic Acids and Chromosomes > Flashcards

1 - Nucleic Acids and Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes are made of what?

A

DNA plus proteins

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2
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Linear polymers of nucleotides

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3
Q

What nucleotides are in DNA?

A

ATCG

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4
Q

What nucleotides are in RNA?

A

AUCG

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5
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

Double helix, antiparallel strands

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6
Q

Structure of RNA?

A

Depends on type of RNA

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7
Q

Nucteotides are made of…

A

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

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8
Q

Sugar found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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9
Q

Sugar found in RNA?

A

Ribose

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10
Q

Which number carbon in the sugar is linked to a) the phosphate and b) the base?

A

a) 5

b) 1

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11
Q

Purines

A

Double - A, G

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12
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single - T, U, C

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13
Q

What chemical feature does Adenine have?

A

Amino group (NH2) on C6 of left ring

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14
Q

What chemical feature(s) does Guanine have?

A 
Carbonyl group (=O) on C6 of left ring.
Amino group (NH2) on C2 of left ring.
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15
Q

What chemical features does Thymine have?

A 
Carbonyl group (=O) on C4.
Methyl group (CH3) on C5.
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16
Q

What chemical features does Uracil have?

A

Carbonyl group (=O) on C4.

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17
Q

What chemical features does Cytosine have?

A

Amino group (NH2) on C4.

18
Q

What is a nucleoside? What is the name of the linkage?

A

Base + Sugar (glycosidic linkage)

19
Q

What is the name of the nucleotide with adenine, ribose and one phosphate?

A

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

20
Q

What is the name of the nucleotide with cytosine, deoxyribose and 3 phosphates?

A

Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP)

21
Q

How are deoxyribonucleotide units linked?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

22
Q

How are nucleotides linked? (Numbers)

A

3’ - OH of sugar is linked to the phosphate.

Phosphate joins to the 5’ - OH of the next sugar.

23
Q

DNA Primary structure?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone with bases.
Bases carry genetic info.
Sequence is specified from 5’ end to 3’ end.

24
Q

DNA Secondary structure?

A

Right-handed double helix. The two chains in the helix run in opposite directions.

25
Q

What charge is on the outside of the helix?

A

Negative, due to sugar phosphate backbone.

26
Q

How are the 2 chains held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

27
Q

The bases point inwards and are…

A

The FLAT planes are PERPENDICULAR to the helix.

28
Q

Watson-Crick base pairs?

A

A- -T =2 H bonds so less stable

G- - -C =3 H bonds so more stable

29
Q

What is melting (denature) caused by?

A

High temp

Low salt conc.

30
Q

What is re-annealing (hybridise) caused by?

A

Cool temp.

High salt conc.

31
Q

Hybridisation definition

A

In a mixture of DNA with different sequences, the complementary strands will find each other in the mixture.

32
Q

How many base pairs in human (haploid) genome?

A

3x10^9

33
Q

How many base pairs in E.coli genome?

A

4.7x10^6 in a single circular double stranded molecule. The length of the E.coli DNA is 1.4 mm.

34
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire DNA coding for an organism.

35
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The organised profile of chromosomes in an organism.

36
Q

How many chromosomes in a diploid human cell?

A

46 (22 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes).

37
Q

Translocation definition

A

2 bits of the same chromosome with 1 bit of another

38
Q

Aneuploidy definition

A

Wrong no. of chromosomes.

39
Q

Stages of packaging in eukaryotic DNA?

A
  1. Nucleosome
  2. Nucleosome causes 7 fold condensation of DNA
  3. Chain of nucleosomes packed to make 30nm fiber = 40 fold condensation.
  4. Chromatin fibre folded to loops = 700nm.
  5. Entire mitotic chromosome 1400nm.
    10,000 times shorter than original length.
40
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and proteins

41
Q

What is the nucleosome?

A

DNA (200bp) wrapped round histone proteins (2x 2a, 2b, 3, 4)
Linker and core DNA.
Histones have +ve charge.

NAGE (7 decks)

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