1 Network Fundamentals

Question 1

Encompass a diverse range of connections extending to both wireless networks and wired networks

Answer 1

Networks

Question 2

Compare and contrast networking appliances, applications, and functions

Answer 2

Objective 1.2 - Domain 2 - Network Implementation - Network Fundamentals

Question 3

Compare and contrast network topologies, architectures, and types

Answer 3

Objective 1.6 - Domain 2 - Network Implementation - Network Fundamentals

Question 4

Given a scenario, select and configure wireless devices and technologies

Answer 4

Objective 2.3 - Domain 2 - Network Implementation - Network Fundamentals

Question 5

Devices that users access the network with

Answer 5

Clients - Network Component

Question 6

Provide resources to the network

Answer 6

Servers - Network Component

Question 7

Older network devices that connect other devices like clients and services over a local area network;
They have limitations such as increased network errors due to their broadcasting nature

Answer 7

Hubs - Network Component

Question 8

“Smarter hubs” that provide more security and more efficient bandwidth utilization
Hubs were first developed, but over time they evolved into bridges, and then into what we use today which is __

Answer 8

Switches - Network Component

Question 9

Allow wireless devices to connect to a wired network

Answer 9

Wireless Access Points (WAPs/APs) - Network Component

Question 10

Used to connect different networks together
They now predominantly rely on the internet protocol to route the traffic across the network

Answer 10

Routers - Network Component

Question 11

Security barriers between internal networks and the external world (usually the internet)

Answer 11

Firewalls - Network Component

Question 12

Devices or software that distribute network or application traffic across multiple servers ;
They prevent any one server from becoming a bottleneck, improving overall network performance

Answer 12

Load Balancers - Network Component

Question 13

Acts as an intermediary between a user’s device and the internet
Functions to web filtering, shared network connections, data caching to improve overall performance, and enhance security and privacy

Answer 13

Proxy - Network Component

Question 14

Detective unauthorized access or anomalies and alert administrators

Answer 14

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) - Network Component

Question 15

Not only detect threats, but also take action to prevent intrusion

Answer 15

Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) - Network Component

Question 16

In Software-Defined Networking (SDN) context, these are central units used to manage flow control to networking devices

Answer 16

Controllers - Network Component

Question 17

Dedicated file storage system that provides data access to a heterogenous group of clients

Answer 17

Network-attached Storage (NAS) Devices - Network Component

Question 18

High-speed network that provides access to consolidated block-level data storage

Answer 18

Storage Area Networks (SANs) - Network Component

Question 19

In network, it refers to the physical materials used to transmit data

Answer 19

Media - Network Component

Question 20

Used to connect networks over large geographical areas

Answer 20

Wide Area Network (WAN) Links - Network Component

Question 21

Utilizes a dedicated server to provide access to network resources (files, scanners, printers, etc.)
Administration and backup are easier
Pros
- Centralized administration
- Easier management
- Better scalability
Drawbacks
- Costs more
- Requires dedicated OS
- Requires specialized skillset

Answer 21

Client / Server Model - Network Resources

Question 22

Peers or other machines (e.g., laptops, desktops) can share resources together directly
Pros
- Lower cost
- No specialized OS
- No dedicated resources
Drawbacks
- Decentralized management
- Inefficient for large networks
- Poor scalability

Answer 22

Peer-to-Peer Model - Network Resources

Question 23

Smallest type of wired or wireless network which usually covers a distance about 10 feet or less
E.g., Bluetooth, USB input, Firewall, Webcam, Harddrives

Answer 23

Personal Area Network (PAN) - Network Geography

Question 24

Connects components in a limited distance, generally up to about 100 meters or 300 feet
Wired or wireless network in your office building or classroom
E.g., Wi-Fi and Ethernet
Wi-Fi - 802.11
Ethernet - 802.3

Answer 24

Local Area Network (LAN) - Network Geography

Question 25

A building-centric LAN that is spread across numerous buildings in a certain area
E.g., College, Business Park, Military bases

Answer 25

Campus Area Network (CAN) - Network Geography

Question 26

Connects locations that are scattered across the entire city
E.g., City or county

Answer 26

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - Network Geography

Question 27

Connects geographically disparate internal networks
Consists of Lease Line and Virtual Private Networks
It does not always have to be public like the internet
E.g., The Internet can covers a large geographic area (state, across the country, or even the worldwide

Answer 27

Wide Area Network (WAN) - Network Geography

Question 28

This Newtork term is about the distance involved

Answer 28

Network geography

Question 29

While sitting in the car:
PAN - the distance within the car (bulltooth car stereo)
LAN - the distance between the care and the house (Wi-Fi to get software updates)
WAN - the distance from the car all the way out across the world (ability to connect a cellular modem in the car out to the internet to determine traffic updates, streaming music)

Answer 29

Understanding Network Geography

Question 30

Refers to the arrangement of difference elements like links, nodes, clients, and servers that make up a computer network
- Physical Topology
- Logical Topology

Answer 30

Network Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 31

Used to show how the network devices and components are physically cabled and connected
Focused on the physical layout of the cabling and devices

Answer 31

Physical Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 32

Talks about how the traffic is actually going to flow in the network.
Focused on the logical or network flow of the data

Answer 32

Logical Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 33

Point-to-Point ; Ring ; Bus ; Star ; Hub-and-spoke ; Mesh

Answer 33

What are the six topologies? - Wired Network Topology

Question 34

Simplest form of network topology that involves a direct connection between two devices.
E.g. connecting a computer to a network peripheral, like a printer for creating small scale connections.
This is not practical for larger enterprises networks most times

Answer 34

Point-to-Point technology - Wired Network Topology

Question 35

A network configuration where each device is connected to two other devices, forming a circular data path. .e.g data travels in one direction until it reaches its destination to prevents data collisions. This is not common unless you’re going to be using a FDDI connection

They can be vulnerable to single points of failure, a cut will stop all the communication on that.

Answer 35

Ring Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 36

Used to conduct data transmissions on fiber optic lines in a local area network. Which can extend to a range of 125 miles. Operating on a dual ring structure providing redundancy. Known for high bandwidth. Suitable for environments with large data transfers and high reliability requirements such as campus area networks or data centers.

Answer 36

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) - Wired Network Topology

Question 37

All of the network devices are connected to a single central cable, also known as the backbone. Easy to install. If the main cable fails, as more devices are added, the performance will decrease due to more data collisions happening on that cable. This is old technology. Not commonly used in modern home office or small office environments.

They can be vulnerable to single points of failure, a cut will stop all the communication on that.

Answer 37

Bus Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 38

One of the most common network layouts that is in use today. Eg. Home network. (Each node in the network is going to be connected back to a centralized connection point, a network switch, which acts as a repeater for network’s data flow
If the central device fails, the entire network fails

They rely heavily on the functioning of that central point. They do a good job of giving you centralized network management.

Answer 38

Star Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 39

A variation of the star topology where the central node (hub) is connected to multiple nodes (spokes)
E.h. Two different locations can be nonstop like a flight to get another city which is cost effective by not having to connect to every smaller city/offices all over the country. Those long distance links can be expensive

They rely heavily on the functioning of that central point. They do a good job of giving you centralized network management.

Answer 39

Hub-and-Spoke Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 40

A variation of the star topology where the central node (hub) is connected to multiple nodes (spokes)

Answer 40

Hub-and-Spoke Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 41

Features a point-to-point connection between every single device on the network to create a robust and redundant network. With two distinct types.

This one offers robustness and redundancy, but it can be complex and costly to implement because doing a full mesh you have a lot of connections between all of those nodes. A partial mesh your giving up some of that resiliency and redundancy in terms of lower cost and higher scale.

Answer 41

Mesh Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 42

Every node is connected to every other node in the network.
It’s expensive because it provides high redundancy to install
Number of connections
X = n(n-1)/2
N = number of nodes

X = 6(6-1)/2
X = 30/2
X = 15
Very impractical!

Answer 42

Full-mesh Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 43

Some nodes are organized in a full mesh scheme, while other are only connected to one or two devices in the network

Answer 43

Partial-mesh Topology - Wired Network Topology

Question 44

The most common type of wireless network that uses a wireless access point as a centralized point. When you have wireless in your house and it connects to an outside provider through your cable or your fiber modem

Answer 44

Infrastructure Mode - Wireless Network Topology

Question 45

Decentralized wireless network which creates Peer-to-Peer connections and does not require a router or access point.
E.g. it operates like a peer-to-peer network does. Connect my laptop to your laptop..

Answer 45

Ad Hoc Mode - Wireless Network Topology

Question 46

An interconnection of different types of nodes, devices, and radios.
Having different routers and gateways and clients and servers and radio antennas.
Using different radio frequencies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, microwave, cellular and satellite, combining them into a single wireless network. This give us redundant and reliable connections in harsh environments
- Can be used in a disaster related event

Answer 46

Wireless Mesh Topology - Wireless Network Topology

Question 47

Infrastructure Mode, Ad Hoc Mode, and Wireless Mesh Topology

Answer 47

What are the three types of of Wireless Network Topologies?

Question 48

Any facility that businesses and other organizations use to organize, process, store, and disseminate large amounts of data

Answer 48

Datacenter - Datacenter Topology

Question 49

Any facility that businesses and other organizations use to organize, process, store, and disseminate large amounts of data

Answer 49

Datacenter - Datacenter Topology

Question 50

One of the largest data centers in the world. Utah Data Center official title is:

Answer 50

Intelligence Community Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative Data Center

Question 51

What are the different architectures data centers use?

Answer 51

Three-tiered hierarchy; Collapsed core; Spine and leaf architecture; Traffic flows

Question 52

What are the different architectures data centers use?

Answer 52

Three-tiered hierarchy; Collapsed core; Spine and leaf architecture; Traffic flows

Question 53

What does the three-tiered hierarchy consist of?

Answer 53

Core ; Distribution/Aggregation ; Access/Edge

Question 54

Which of the following network geographies refers to a network that spans several buildings within walking distance of each other, such as a business park?

Answer 54

Campus Area Network

A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network that spans a limited geographic area. CANs interconnect multiple local area networks (LAN) within an educational or corporate campus. A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that spans a large geographical area, such as multiple cities or countries. A PAN (Personal Area Network) is a network that connects devices within an individual’s personal space, typically within a range of a few meters. A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a network that spans a larger area than a LAN (Local Area Network), often covering a city or a metropolitan area.

Question 55

Which of the following type of network models doesn’t differentiate between the devices that provide services and those that request services?

Answer 55

Pear-to-peer

A peer-to-peer network model does not differentiate between the clients and the servers, and every node can become a client and a server when requesting and responding to service requests. In a client-server network model, there is a clear distinction between client devices that request services and server devices that provide services. A Point-to-point network is a direct connection between two devices. One device acts as the sender and the other as the receiver. A Hub-and-spoke network model has a central hub that connects other devices (spokes). The hub provides services to the spokes.

Question 56

HongHong, a network administrator, was asked by the Chief Information Officer (CIO) to set up a new office with a network that has full redundancy. What topology would BEST meet the CIO’s requirement?

Answer 56

A Mesh topology

A mesh topology connects every endpoint to every other endpoint, creating a fully redundant network. While a hybrid topology combines different topologies, it does not inherently provide full redundancy. The redundancy level depends on the specific combination of topologies used. In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single shared communication line. If a device on it fails, the entire network can be affected. It lacks redundancy. In a star topology, devices are connected to a central hub or switch. If the hub or switch fails, the network can be disrupted.

Question 57

Dion Worldwide has created a network architecture that relies on two main data centers, one in the United States and one in Japan. Each satellite office in the United States and Canada will connect back to the American data center, while each satellite office in Asia will connect back to the Japanese data center. Both the American and Japanese data centers are interconnected, as well. Therefore, if a client in the Philippines wants to send a file to the office in Miami, it will go first to the Japanese datacenter, then route across to the American datacenter, and then to the Miami satellite office. Which of the following network topologies best describes the Dion Worldwide network?

Answer 57

Hub and Spoke

A hub and spoke topology is a network topology where a central device (the hub) is connected to multiple other devices (the spokes). A Bus topology has a single communication line where all devices are connected. It does not have distinct hubs and spokes. A star topology has a central hub that connects all devices in a point-to-point manner. While the Dion Worldwide network has hubs, not a single central hub connecting all devices. A Ring topology connects devices in a circular manner, where each device is connected to two neighboring devices. It doesn’t have distinct hubs and spokes.