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Music History I - The Ancient and Medieval Worlds > 1 - Music in Antiquity > Flashcards

1 - Music in Antiquity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is this instrument called?

A

bull lyre

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2
Q

What are four types of historical traces of music?

A

1) musical instruments
2) visual images or instruments and musicians
3) writings about music and musicians
4) music itself, preserved in notation or oral tradition

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3
Q

In the Stone Age, people bored finger holes in ______ ______ to make whistles and flutes.

A

animal bones

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4
Q

Metal bells, jingles, cymbals, rattles and horns appeared in the ______ Age.

A

Bronze

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5
Q

Plucked string instruments appeared in the ______ Age.

A

Bronze

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6
Q

What is the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers called?

A

Mesopotamia

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7
Q

Who developed the first true cities and civilizations?

A

the Sumerians

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8
Q

What system of writing was developed by the Sumerians?

A

cuneiform

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9
Q

Who is the earliest composer known to us by name?

A

Enheduanna

(2250 BC)

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10
Q

What civilization created the earliest known musical notation?

A

Babylonians

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11
Q

What were the three most important Greek musical instruments?

A

aulos, lyre, and kithara

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12
Q

What instrument is this woman playing?

A

aulos

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13
Q

What instrument is this?

A

aulos

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14
Q

The aulos was used in the worship of _________, god of fertility and wine.

A

Dinoysus

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15
Q

How many strings did the Greek lyre typically have?

A

seven

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16
Q

Greek lyres were strummed with a _________, or pick.

A

plectrum

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17
Q

What instrument is this?

A

Greek lyre

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18
Q

What was the Greek lyre’s soundbox typically made from?

A

a tortise shell over which oxhide was stretched

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19
Q

What was the larger Greek lyre called?

A

kithara

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20
Q

What Greek lyre was played while standing?

A

kithara

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21
Q

What instrument is this?

A

kithara

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22
Q

What is ethos?

A

one’s ethical character

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23
Q

What genera of tetrachord included two whole tones and a semitone?

(1, 1, .5)

A

diatonic

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24
Q

What intervals does an enharmonic tetrachord include?

A

one as large as two tones and two quarter tones

(2, .25, .25)

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25
Q

What were the two principle kinds of Greek writings on music?

A
  1. philosophical doctrines
  2. systematic descriptions of music (i.e. music theory)
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26
Q

Who was the founder of Greek music theory?

A

Pythagoras (d. ca. 500 B.C.)

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27
Q

Where does the word “music” come from?

A

From the Greek “mousike,” or “art of the Muses”

28
Q

Greeks considered music an art, but also a science closely related to _____ and _____ .

A

arithmetic, astronomy

29
Q

What was the texture of Greek music?

A

monophonic

30
Q

What musical texture is characterized by the simultaneous variation of a single melodic line?

A

heterophony

31
Q

What was ‘perfect melos’?

A

melody, text, and dance movement conceived as a whole

32
Q

For the Greeks, what was music nearly synonymous with?

A

poetry

33
Q

What is the unification of parts in an orderly whole?

A

harmonia

34
Q

What is ethos?

A

one’s ethical character or way of being and behaving

35
Q

Who asserted that music that imitated a certain ethos aroused the same ethos in the listener?

A

Aristotle

36
Q

What two things did Plato and Aristotle feel education needed to include?

A

gymnastics for the body and music for the mind

37
Q

What is the difference between continuous movement and diastematic movement?

A

In continuous movement, the voice glides up and down as in speech.

In diastematic (or intervalic) movement the voice moves between sustained pitches separeated by discrete intervals.

38
Q

What is the definiton of a scale?

A

a series of three or more different pitches in ascending or descending order

39
Q

What is a tetrachord?

A

Four notes spanning a perfect fourth

40
Q

What were the three genera of tetrachords?

A

diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic

41
Q

What genera of tetrachord included two whole tones and a semitone?

(1, 1, .5)

A

diatonic

42
Q

What genera of tetrachord included a tone and a half and two semitones?

(1.5, .5, .5)

A

chromatic

43
Q

What genera of tetrachord included an interval as large as two tones and two quarter tones?

(2, .25, .25)

A

enharmonic

44
Q

Two successive tetrachords were __________ if they shared a note.

A

conjunct

45
Q

Two successive tetrachords were __________ if they did not share a note.

A

disjunct

46
Q

What were four tetrachords plus an added lowest note to complete a two-octave span called?

A

the Greater Perfect System

47
Q

How many species are possible in the span of a fourth?

A

three

48
Q

How many species are possible in the span of a fifth?

A

four

49
Q

How many species are possible in the span of an octave?

A

seven

50
Q

What defining aspect of later modes was missing from octave species?

A

a principle note on which a melody is expected to end

51
Q

Who was Pythagoras (d. ca. 500 B.C.)?

A

the founder of Greek music theory

52
Q

What is heterphony?

A

a musical texture characterized by the simultaneous variation of a single melodic line

53
Q

What is harmonia?

A

the unification of parts in an orderly whole

54
Q

What instrument was used for the worship of Dionysis?

A

the aulos

55
Q

In a tetrachord, where are the larger intervals normally found?

A

at the top

56
Q

In a tetrachord, where are the smaller intervals normally found?

A

at the bottom

57
Q

What intervals does a diatonic tetrachord include?

A

two whole tones and a semitone

(1, 1, .5)

58
Q

What intervals does a chromatic tetrachord include?

A

a tone and a half and two semitones

(1.5, .5, .5)

59
Q

What intervals does an enharmonic tetrachord include?

A

one as large as two tones and two quarter tones

(2, .25, .25)

60
Q

What is a species?

A

the particular ordering of whole tones and semitones within perfect fouths, fifths or octaves

61
Q

In what time period did people bore finger holes in animal bones to make whistles and flutes?

A

the Stone Age

62
Q

What are conjunct tetrachords?

A

Two successive tetrachords that share a note

63
Q

What are disjunct tetrachords?

A

Two successive tetrachords that do not share a note

64
Q

In what type of movement does the voice move between sustained pitches separated by discrete intervals?

A

diastematic (or intervalic) movement

65
Q

What is the Greater Perfect System?

A

four tetrachords plus an added lowest note to complete a two-octave span

Music History I - The Ancient and Medieval Worlds (3 decks)

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