1 - Music in Antiquity

Question 1

What is this instrument called?

Answer 1

bull lyre

Question 2

What are four types of historical traces of music?

Answer 2

1) musical instruments
2) visual images or instruments and musicians
3) writings about music and musicians
4) music itself, preserved in notation or oral tradition

Question 3

In the Stone Age, people bored finger holes in ______ ______ to make whistles and flutes.

Answer 3

animal bones

Question 4

Metal bells, jingles, cymbals, rattles and horns appeared in the ______ Age.

Answer 4

Bronze

Question 5

Plucked string instruments appeared in the ______ Age.

Answer 5

Bronze

Question 6

What is the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers called?

Answer 6

Mesopotamia

Question 7

Who developed the first true cities and civilizations?

Answer 7

the Sumerians

Question 8

What system of writing was developed by the Sumerians?

Answer 8

cuneiform

Question 9

Who is the earliest composer known to us by name?

Answer 9

Enheduanna

(2250 BC)

Question 10

What civilization created the earliest known musical notation?

Answer 10

Babylonians

Question 11

What were the three most important Greek musical instruments?

Answer 11

aulos, lyre, and kithara

Question 12

What instrument is this woman playing?

Answer 12

aulos

Question 13

What instrument is this?

Answer 13

aulos

Question 14

The aulos was used in the worship of _________, god of fertility and wine.

Answer 14

Dinoysus

Question 15

How many strings did the Greek lyre typically have?

Answer 15

seven

Question 16

Greek lyres were strummed with a _________, or pick.

Answer 16

plectrum

Question 17

What instrument is this?

Answer 17

Greek lyre

Question 18

What was the Greek lyre’s soundbox typically made from?

Answer 18

a tortise shell over which oxhide was stretched

Question 19

What was the larger Greek lyre called?

Answer 19

kithara

Question 20

What Greek lyre was played while standing?

Answer 20

kithara

Question 21

What instrument is this?

Answer 21

kithara

Question 22

What is ethos?

Answer 22

one’s ethical character

Question 23

What genera of tetrachord included two whole tones and a semitone?

(1, 1, .5)

Answer 23

diatonic

Question 24

What intervals does an enharmonic tetrachord include?

Answer 24

one as large as two tones and two quarter tones

(2, .25, .25)

Question 25

What were the two principle kinds of Greek writings on music?

Answer 25

1. philosophical doctrines 2. systematic descriptions of music (i.e. music theory)

Question 26

Who was the founder of Greek music theory?

Answer 26

Pythagoras (d. ca. 500 B.C.)

Question 27

Where does the word "music" come from?

Answer 27

From the Greek "mousike," or "art of the Muses"

Question 28

Greeks considered music an art, but also a science closely related to \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ .

Answer 28

arithmetic, astronomy

Question 29

What was the texture of Greek music?

Answer 29

monophonic

Question 30

What musical texture is characterized by the simultaneous variation of a single melodic line?

Answer 30

heterophony

Question 31

What was 'perfect melos'?

Answer 31

melody, text, and dance movement conceived as a whole

Question 32

For the Greeks, what was music nearly synonymous with?

Answer 32

poetry

Question 33

What is the unification of parts in an orderly whole?

Answer 33

harmonia

Question 34

What is *ethos*?

Answer 34

one's ethical character or way of being and behaving

Question 35

Who asserted that music that imitated a certain ethos aroused the same ethos in the listener?

Answer 35

Aristotle

Question 36

What two things did Plato and Aristotle feel education needed to include?

Answer 36

gymnastics for the body and music for the mind

Question 37

What is the difference between continuous movement and diastematic movement?

Answer 37

In continuous movement, the voice glides up and down as in speech. In diastematic (or intervalic) movement the voice moves between sustained pitches separeated by discrete intervals.

Question 38

What is the definiton of a scale?

Answer 38

a series of three or more different pitches in ascending or descending order

Question 39

What is a tetrachord?

Answer 39

Four notes spanning a perfect fourth

Question 40

What were the three genera of tetrachords?

Answer 40

diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic

Question 41

What genera of tetrachord included two whole tones and a semitone? (1, 1, .5)

Answer 41

diatonic

Question 42

What genera of tetrachord included a tone and a half and two semitones? (1.5, .5, .5)

Answer 42

chromatic

Question 43

What genera of tetrachord included an interval as large as two tones and two quarter tones? (2, .25, .25)

Answer 43

enharmonic

Question 44

Two successive tetrachords were __________ if they shared a note.

Answer 44

conjunct

Question 45

Two successive tetrachords were __________ if they did not share a note.

Answer 45

disjunct

Question 46

What were four tetrachords plus an added lowest note to complete a two-octave span called?

Answer 46

the Greater Perfect System

Question 47

How many species are possible in the span of a fourth?

Answer 47

three

Question 48

How many species are possible in the span of a fifth?

Answer 48

four

Question 49

How many species are possible in the span of an octave?

Answer 49

seven

Question 50

What defining aspect of later modes was missing from octave species?

Answer 50

a principle note on which a melody is expected to end

Question 51

Who was Pythagoras (d. ca. 500 B.C.)?

Answer 51

the founder of Greek music theory

Question 52

What is heterphony?

Answer 52

a musical texture characterized by the simultaneous variation of a single melodic line

Question 53

What is harmonia?

Answer 53

the unification of parts in an orderly whole

Question 54

What instrument was used for the worship of Dionysis?

Answer 54

the aulos

Question 55

In a tetrachord, where are the larger intervals normally found?

Answer 55

at the top

Question 56

In a tetrachord, where are the smaller intervals normally found?

Answer 56

at the bottom

Question 57

What intervals does a diatonic tetrachord include?

Answer 57

two whole tones and a semitone | (1, 1, .5)

Question 58

What intervals does a chromatic tetrachord include?

Answer 58

a tone and a half and two semitones | (1.5, .5, .5)

Question 59

What intervals does an enharmonic tetrachord include?

Answer 59

one as large as two tones and two quarter tones (2, .25, .25)

Question 60

What is a species?

Answer 60

the particular ordering of whole tones and semitones within perfect fouths, fifths or octaves

Question 61

In what time period did people bore finger holes in animal bones to make whistles and flutes?

Answer 61

the Stone Age

Question 62

What are conjunct tetrachords?

Answer 62

Two successive tetrachords that share a note

Question 63

What are disjunct tetrachords?

Answer 63

Two successive tetrachords that do not share a note

Question 64

In what type of movement does the voice move between sustained pitches separated by discrete intervals?

Answer 64

diastematic (or intervalic) movement

Question 65

What is the Greater Perfect System?

Answer 65

four tetrachords plus an added lowest note to complete a two-octave span