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Physics IGCSE > 1) Motion Forces and Energy > Flashcards

1) Motion Forces and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

scalar quantity

A

A scalar quantity is a quantity that has magnitude (size) only. Examples of scalars: distance, speed, time, mass, energy and temperature

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2
Q

vector quantity

A

A vector quantity is a quantity has magnitude and direction. Examples of vectors: force, weight, velocity, acceleration, momentum, electric field strength and gravitational field strength

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3
Q

speed

A

Speed is the distance travelled per unit time

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4
Q

acceleration

A

Acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time

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5
Q

velocity

A

Velocity is the speed in a given direction

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6
Q

Average speed

A

Average speed is defined as total distance / Total time

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7
Q

Free-fall

A

An object is in free-fall when it is moving only under the influence of the earth’s gravity.

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8
Q

Acceleration of free fall

A

It is a value of the acceleration of free fall (g). On Earth, this value of g for any object that is near the surface is approximately constant at 9.8m/s2

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9
Q

Mass

A

Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object at rest relative to the observer

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10
Q

Weight

A

Weight is defined as a gravitational force on an object that has mass

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11
Q

gravitational field strength

A

ravitational field strength is the force per unit mass

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12
Q

Spring constant

A

Spring constant is defined as the force per unit extension. Its formula is: k=F/x

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13
Q

density:

A

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume

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14
Q

Limit of proportionality:

A

It is a point beyond which the spring crosses its elastic limit and becomes permanently deformed.

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15
Q

Newtons second law:

A

It states that, for a body of constant mass “m” and net force “F”, we can state that F = ma, where F ( net force) and a (acceleration)/ Both are vector quantities.

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16
Q

Circular motion

A

Circular motion is defined as the movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or the rotation of an object along a circular path.

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17
Q

Solid friction

A

Solid friction as the force between two surfaces that may impede motion and produce heating.

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18
Q

Drag force

A

It is a force acting in a direction that is opposite to the relative motion of the object moving with respect to the surrounding fluid. Fluid refers to liquids and gases

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19
Q

Moment of a force

A

It is a measure of the turning effect of a force. Formula is moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot. The SI unit of moment of a force is Nm

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20
Q

Principle of moments

A

For an object in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about a point is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments about the same point and the net force acting on it is zero

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21
Q

Centre of gravity

A

It is a point at which the weight of a body or system is supposed to be concentrated. In uniform gravity it is the same as the centre of mass.

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22
Q

Momentum

A

Momentum=mass × velocity; recall and use the equation p = mv. The SI unit of momentum is kgm/s

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23
Q

Impulse

A

orce × change in time. [ it is the time for which force acts]. The Si unit of impulse is Newton-second (Ns)

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24
Q

State the Principle of conservation of momentum

A

When 2 or more bodies interact (collide) in an isolated system, the total momentum stays the same.

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25
Q

Define Resultant force

A

A resultant force is the change in momentum per unit time. The unit is Newtons (N)

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26
Q

Define Kinetic energy

A

The energy possessed by an object, by virtue of its motion is called as kinetic energy.

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27
Q

Define Gravitational potential energy

A

mgh

28
Q

Define Chemical energy

A

The energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds is called as the chemical energy.

29
Q

Define Elastic (Strain energy):

A

Strain energy is the energy stored in an object due to its deformation.

30
Q

Define Electrostatic energy

A

It refers to the potential energy of a system of separated electric charges

31
Q

Define Internal (Thermal) energy

A

The energy of a thermodynamic system is its internal energy. It is the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules

32
Q

State the Principle of conservation of energy

A

Principle of conservation of energy states that “ Energy can never be created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another. The total amount of energy in a system stays the same.

33
Q

Define Work

A

Work is= Force x displacement. Here the displacement is in the direction of the force. Unit of work is Joule.

34
Q

Define One Joule

A

One Joule refers to the work done by a force of 1 Newton, when it displaces a body through 1m in the direction of the force applied.

35
Q

Define Solar cells [ Photovoltaic cells]:

A

This refers to cells that are capable of converting light energy to electrical energy through photovoltaic effect

36
Q

Define Wind energy:

A

The energy of the naturally flowing air that is used to generate electricity is called as wind energy.

37
Q

Define Renewable energy resources:

A

This is the type of energy that comes from resources that are easily replenished. Example: Energy from the sun, wind, etc.

38
Q

Define Non-renewable energy:

A

This is the type of energy that comes from resources that are easily not easily replenished. Example: Energy from fossil fuels

39
Q

Define Percentage Efficiency:

A

Percentage efficiency= {[ Useful energy output] /Total energy input]} x 100 or { [ Useful power output] /Total power input]} x 100

40
Q

Define Power

A

Power is defined as the work done per unit time of power is defined as the energy transferred per unit time.SI unit power is Watts (W)

41
Q

Define Pressure:

A

Pressure is defined as the force per unit area.SI unit of pressure if Pascals (Pa). Formula for calculating pressure due to solids=Force/Area; While the formula to calculate the pressure exerted due to liquids is=hpg. Where h is the height of the liquid column, p is the density of the liquid and g is the gravitational field strength.

42
Q

Kinetic

A

Moving objects have energy in their kinetic store

43
Q

Gravitational

A

Objects gain energy in their gravitaional potential store when they are lifted through a gravitational field

44
Q

Elastic

A

Objects have energy in their elastic potential store if they are streched, squashed or bent.

45
Q

Magnetic

A

Magnetic materials interacting with each other have energy in their magnetic store.

46
Q

Electrostatic

A

Objects with charge (like electrons and protons) interacting with one another have energy in their electrostatic store.

47
Q

Chemical

A

Chemical reactions transfer energy into or away from a substances chemical store.

48
Q

Nuclear

A

Atomic nuclei relases energy from their nuclear store during nuclear reactions

49
Q

thermal

A

All objects have energy in their thermal stores; the hotter the object the more energy it has in their store.

50
Q

Mechanical Working

A

When a force acts on an object

51
Q

Electrical working

A

A charge moving through a potential difference (eg: Current)

52
Q

Heating (by particles)

A

Energy is transferred from a hotter object to a colder one (Eg: conductions)

53
Q

Heating (by radiation)

A

Energy transferred by the EMS waves (eg: visible light)

54
Q

Advantages and DIsadvantages of Solar energy

A

A:
- No pollution
- Free Energy source
D:
- Doesnt work at night
- Doesnt work well in winter

55
Q

Advantages and DIsadvantages of Wind Energy

A

A:
- No pollution
- Free Energy Source
D:
- Nosiy
- Can kill birds
- Needs large land space

56
Q

Advantages and DIsadvantages ًWave Energy

A

A:
- No pollution
- Free enrgy source
D:
- Difficult installation
- May affect shipping

57
Q

Advantages and DIsadvantages Tidal Energy

A

A;
- No pollution
- Free Energy source
D:
- Difficult maintenance
- May affect shipping
- Expensive

58
Q

Advantages and DIsadvantages Hydroelectric Energy

A

A;
- No pollution
- Free Energy source
D;
- May flood behind the dams
- May effect boat routes

59
Q

Advantages and DIsadvantages Bio mass energy

A

A:
- USe waste products
- Abundant
D:
- Can produce methane greenhouse gases
- Can be smelly

60
Q

Advantages and DIsadvantages Geo thermal Energy

A

A:
- Little pollution
- Free energy source
D:
- nly available in some parts of the world
- The heat used up after few years.

61
Q

Advantages and DIsadvantages Nuclear Energy

A

A:
- Can produce electricty
- Does pollute the atmosphere
D:
- Generate radioactive waste materials with very long half life
- Places for safe dumping or storing
- Expensive

62
Q

Advantages and DIsadvantages Fossil FUels

A

A:
- Oil useful in petrol
- A raw material for most plastics
D:
- Limited supplies
- Waste gases pollute the atmosphere.

63
Q

Non Renewable Energy

A

Sources that will run out

64
Q

Renewable Energy

A

Sources that will never run out

65
Q

Newtons Third LAw

A

Every action has an oppositie reaction

66
Q

Terminal velocity

A

Acceleration due to weight speed and drag increases acceleration decreases when drag = weight there is no resultant force and then speed decreases

Physics IGCSE (6 decks)

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