1: Molecules and Fundamentals of Energy Flashcards
3 Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
What determines alpha or beta carbon types?
The position of H and OH on the anomeric (1st) carbon.
*OH down is alpha; OH up is beta
3 disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
sucrose is composed of…
glucose + fructose
lactose is composed of…
glucose + galactose
maltose is composed of…
glucose + glucose
disaccharides are joined together by…
glycosidic linkage, a dehydration of reaction
polysaccharides are joined by ___ and broken down by ___
dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis
alpha-glucose polymer carbohydrates
- starch: stores energy in plant cells
2. glycogen: stores energy in animal cells
beta-glucose polymer carbohydrates
- cellulose: structural molecule in plants/wood
2. chitin: structural molecule in fungi/arthropod exoskeletons, has nitrogen groups attached to carbon ring
proteins are ______ joined by ______
amino acids; peptide bonds
amino acids are composed of…
- amino group (NH2)
- side chain R
- carboxylic acid group (COOH)
primary structure of a protein
amino acid sequence
secondary structure of a protein
3D shape due to H bonding; alpha helix; beta sheet
tertiary structure of a protein
3D structure due to noncovalent interaction between R groups of amino acids (e.g. H bonding, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic effect, Van der Waals)
quaternary structure of a protein
3D structure from grouping peptide chains
the composition of a protein can be ____ or _____
simple; conjugated
the structure of a protein can be ____, ____, or ____
fibrous; globular; intermediate
a simple protein is composed of…
only amino acids
a conjugated protein is composed of…
amino acids + non protein components
3 characteristics of fibrous proteins
- insoluble
- long polymer sheets/fibers
- structural components of cells
3 characteristics of globular proteins
- soluble
- folded tightly
- many functions
3 characteristics of intermediate proteins
- soluble
- fiber shaped
- many functions
what is protein denaturation? what causes it?
- secondary/tertiary/quaternary structure is removed but primary structure remains intact
- due to excess temp., pH, radiation, etc
- loss of shape = loss of function
function of an enzyme
lower activation energy to accelerate the rate of reaction in both forward and reverse directions
when an enzyme binds at the active site via ______, it remains _____
induced fit; unchanged
what are cofactors? what do they do?
non-protein molecules that assist enzymes by donating or accepting a component of a reaction
types of cofactors
- coenzymes: organic cofactors (e.g. vitamins)
2. metal ions: inorganic cofactors
an enzyme w/ a cofactor is called…
holoenzyme
an enzyme w/out a cofactor is called…
apoenzyme
allosteric enzymes have both ____ for ____ and ____ for _____
active sites; substrate binding; allosteric sites; allosteric effector binding
what is competitive inhibition?
a substance that mimics substrate binds at active site (e.g. caffeine). it can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.
what is noncompetitive inhibition?
a substance inhibits the enzyme by binding at a location other than the active site (the allosteric site).
enzyme cooperativity
substrate binds to active site –> enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules
what does an enzyme’s specificity constant measure?
how efficiently an enzyme converts substrate into product. the higher the specificity constant, the higher the enzyme and substrate efficiency
a triglyceride is composed of…
3 fatty acid chains attached to glycerol backbone
saturated vs unsaturated triglycerides
saturated: NO double bonds (straight chains), stack densely
unsaturated: double bonds present, branched chains
a phospholipid is composed of…
2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group + glycerol backbone. amphipathic (nonpolar tail, polar head)
a steroid is…
fused 4 carbon rings; hormones and structural components of membranes (e.g. cholesterol)
5 types of lipids (UN)
- triglyceride/phospholipid
- steroid
- waxes: protective coating or exoskeleton
- carotenoids: color-producing pigment
- porphyrins
specialized fat cells, ____, have two types: _____ that contain ____.
adipocytes;
white fat cells; large lipid droplet + cytoplasm
brown fat cells; more cytoplasm + small lipid droplets + mitochondria
how are lipids transported throughout the body?
lipoproteins transport lipids (insoluble) through blood
lipids and membrane fluidity
unsaturated fatty acids increase membrane fluidity due to the bent chains that prevent dense packing. cold temp–> more unsaturated fatty acids in membrane to maintain fluidity and vice versa
a nucleotide consists of…
nitrogen base + five carbon sugar deoxyribose + phosphate group
purines include _____ and _____ and are characterized by ____
adenine; guanine (pure as gold)
2 rings
pyrimidines include ____ and ___ and are characterized by ____
cytosine, uracil, thymine (CUT the PYE)
a nucleoside consists of…
nitrogen base + five carbon sugar
the structure of DNA
2 antiparallel strands in a double helix;
backbone held together by phosphodiester bonds;
bases of separate strands connected by H bonds
RNA vs DNA
uses uracil instead of thymine
single stranded
ribose sugar base
less stable
5 characteristics of water
- high heat capacity
- cohesion/surface tension due to H bond
- adhesion: capillary action
- unique solid density (ice floats)
- “universal” (strong) solvent: separates charged ions
modern cell theory
- all living things are composed of 1+ cells
- cells are the basic unit of structure
- all cells come from pre-existing living cells
- cells carry hereditary info
theory of genetics
DNA –> RNA –> proteins (cannot go backwards)
what are prions?
misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold
RNA World Hypothesis
self-replicating RNA molecules were the precursor to life considering that RNA carries genetic info and can catalyze chemical reactions
