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DAT Bio Bootcamp > 1: Molecules and Fundamentals of Energy > Flashcards

1: Molecules and Fundamentals of Energy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 Monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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2
Q

What determines alpha or beta carbon types?

A

The position of H and OH on the anomeric (1st) carbon.

*OH down is alpha; OH up is beta

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3
Q

3 disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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4
Q

sucrose is composed of…

A

glucose + fructose

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5
Q

lactose is composed of…

A

glucose + galactose

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6
Q

maltose is composed of…

A

glucose + glucose

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7
Q

disaccharides are joined together by…

A

glycosidic linkage, a dehydration of reaction

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8
Q

polysaccharides are joined by ___ and broken down by ___

A

dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis

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9
Q

alpha-glucose polymer carbohydrates

A
  1. starch: stores energy in plant cells

2. glycogen: stores energy in animal cells

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10
Q

beta-glucose polymer carbohydrates

A
  1. cellulose: structural molecule in plants/wood

2. chitin: structural molecule in fungi/arthropod exoskeletons, has nitrogen groups attached to carbon ring

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11
Q

proteins are ______ joined by ______

A

amino acids; peptide bonds

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12
Q

amino acids are composed of…

A
  1. amino group (NH2)
  2. side chain R
  3. carboxylic acid group (COOH)
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13
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

amino acid sequence

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14
Q

secondary structure of a protein

A

3D shape due to H bonding; alpha helix; beta sheet

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15
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

3D structure due to noncovalent interaction between R groups of amino acids (e.g. H bonding, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic effect, Van der Waals)

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16
Q

quaternary structure of a protein

A

3D structure from grouping peptide chains

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17
Q

the composition of a protein can be ____ or _____

A

simple; conjugated

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18
Q

the structure of a protein can be ____, ____, or ____

A

fibrous; globular; intermediate

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19
Q

a simple protein is composed of…

A

only amino acids

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20
Q

a conjugated protein is composed of…

A

amino acids + non protein components

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21
Q

3 characteristics of fibrous proteins

A
  • insoluble
  • long polymer sheets/fibers
  • structural components of cells
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22
Q

3 characteristics of globular proteins

A
  • soluble
  • folded tightly
  • many functions
23
Q

3 characteristics of intermediate proteins

A
  • soluble
  • fiber shaped
  • many functions
24
Q

what is protein denaturation? what causes it?

A
  • secondary/tertiary/quaternary structure is removed but primary structure remains intact
  • due to excess temp., pH, radiation, etc
  • loss of shape = loss of function
25
Q

function of an enzyme

A

lower activation energy to accelerate the rate of reaction in both forward and reverse directions

26
Q

when an enzyme binds at the active site via ______, it remains _____

A

induced fit; unchanged

27
Q

what are cofactors? what do they do?

A

non-protein molecules that assist enzymes by donating or accepting a component of a reaction

28
Q

types of cofactors

A
  1. coenzymes: organic cofactors (e.g. vitamins)

2. metal ions: inorganic cofactors

29
Q

an enzyme w/ a cofactor is called…

A

holoenzyme

30
Q

an enzyme w/out a cofactor is called…

A

apoenzyme

31
Q

allosteric enzymes have both ____ for ____ and ____ for _____

A

active sites; substrate binding; allosteric sites; allosteric effector binding

32
Q

what is competitive inhibition?

A

a substance that mimics substrate binds at active site (e.g. caffeine). it can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.

33
Q

what is noncompetitive inhibition?

A

a substance inhibits the enzyme by binding at a location other than the active site (the allosteric site).

34
Q

enzyme cooperativity

A

substrate binds to active site –> enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules

35
Q

what does an enzyme’s specificity constant measure?

A

how efficiently an enzyme converts substrate into product. the higher the specificity constant, the higher the enzyme and substrate efficiency

36
Q

a triglyceride is composed of…

A

3 fatty acid chains attached to glycerol backbone

37
Q

saturated vs unsaturated triglycerides

A

saturated: NO double bonds (straight chains), stack densely
unsaturated: double bonds present, branched chains

38
Q

a phospholipid is composed of…

A

2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group + glycerol backbone. amphipathic (nonpolar tail, polar head)

39
Q

a steroid is…

A

fused 4 carbon rings; hormones and structural components of membranes (e.g. cholesterol)

40
Q

5 types of lipids (UN)

A
  1. triglyceride/phospholipid
  2. steroid
  3. waxes: protective coating or exoskeleton
  4. carotenoids: color-producing pigment
  5. porphyrins
41
Q

specialized fat cells, ____, have two types: _____ that contain ____.

A

adipocytes;
white fat cells; large lipid droplet + cytoplasm
brown fat cells; more cytoplasm + small lipid droplets + mitochondria

42
Q

how are lipids transported throughout the body?

A

lipoproteins transport lipids (insoluble) through blood

43
Q

lipids and membrane fluidity

A

unsaturated fatty acids increase membrane fluidity due to the bent chains that prevent dense packing. cold temp–> more unsaturated fatty acids in membrane to maintain fluidity and vice versa

44
Q

a nucleotide consists of…

A

nitrogen base + five carbon sugar deoxyribose + phosphate group

45
Q

purines include _____ and _____ and are characterized by ____

A

adenine; guanine (pure as gold)

2 rings

46
Q

pyrimidines include ____ and ___ and are characterized by ____

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine (CUT the PYE)

47
Q

a nucleoside consists of…

A

nitrogen base + five carbon sugar

48
Q

the structure of DNA

A

2 antiparallel strands in a double helix;
backbone held together by phosphodiester bonds;
bases of separate strands connected by H bonds

49
Q

RNA vs DNA

A

uses uracil instead of thymine
single stranded
ribose sugar base
less stable

50
Q

5 characteristics of water

A
  1. high heat capacity
  2. cohesion/surface tension due to H bond
  3. adhesion: capillary action
  4. unique solid density (ice floats)
  5. “universal” (strong) solvent: separates charged ions
51
Q

modern cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of 1+ cells
  2. cells are the basic unit of structure
  3. all cells come from pre-existing living cells
  4. cells carry hereditary info
52
Q

theory of genetics

A

DNA –> RNA –> proteins (cannot go backwards)

53
Q

what are prions?

A

misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold

54
Q

RNA World Hypothesis

A

self-replicating RNA molecules were the precursor to life considering that RNA carries genetic info and can catalyze chemical reactions

DAT Bio Bootcamp (1 decks)

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