1. Molecular & Cell Biology

Question 1

5 Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 1

1. No Nuclei
2. Single-celled
3. No membrane-bound organelles
4. Smaller than eukaryotes (1 um)
5. Less DNA than eukaryotes

Question 2

4 Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 2

1. Have Nuclei
2. Single OR multicellular
3. Several membrane bound organelles (ie. mitochondria)
4. Larger size and more complex than prokaryotic cells (10-100 um)

Question 3

Does fossil evidence suggest that prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells were first

Answer 3

prokaryotic cells were first

Question 4

Endosymbiont theory

Answer 4

some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

Question 5

Which came first? Chloroplasts or mitochondria?

Answer 5

Mitochondria

Question 6

Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen

Answer 6

aerobic

Question 7

Cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen

Answer 7

anaerobic

Question 8

Examples of prokaryotes

Answer 8

bacteria & archaea

Question 9

Examples of eukaryotes

Answer 9

plants, fungi, animals & humans

Question 10

5 Forms of Evidence to support endosymbiont theory

Answer 10

1. GENOMES - Mitochondria and chloroplasts still have remnants of their own genomes (circular)
2. RIBOSOMES - Mitochondria and chloroplasts (have ribosomes which are similar to that of bacterial ribosomes) have kept some protein & DNA
3. BACTERIA- Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to same antibiotic as modern day bacteria
4. FOSSIL RECORD (prokaryotes were found 1st and eukaryotes 2nd)
5. MEMBRANE - Mitochondria and chloroplasts double membrane is different in composition to the plasma membrane of the eukaryotes

Question 11

Transcription

Answer 11

DNA -> RNA

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

RNA -> Protein

Question 13

7 types of Model Organisms

Answer 13

Human
Mouse
Fruit Fly
Plant
Roundworm
Yeast
Bacterium

Question 14

Which types of RNA are not translated

Answer 14

Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 15

What role does rRNA have?

Answer 15

• structural & catalytic role
• Catalyzed in protein synthesis

Question 16

Transcriptome

Answer 16

a ‘photograph’ of all RNA at one point in time
(dynamic)

Question 17

Proteome

Answer 17

a ‘photograph’ of all proteins at one point in time
(dynamic)

Question 18

Interactome

Answer 18

All protein-protein interactions at one point in time

Question 19

Metabolome

Answer 19

All small molecules at one point in time (ie: ATP, fatty acids etc.)

Question 20

DNA full name

Answer 20

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 21

RNA full name

Answer 21

Ribonucleic acid

Question 22

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 22

1) The genetic material in a cell (organism’s blueprint)
2) DNA
3) RNA

Question 23

What are DNA monomers called?

Answer 23

nucleotides

Question 24

What 3 components do all nucleotides have

Answer 24

1) Pentose sugar- scaffold for base
2) Nitrogenous base- varies
3) Phosphate group- backbone, can have 1P, 2P, 3P

Question 25

what are attached to the 2 ends of a protein?

Answer 25

an amino end & a carboxy end

Question 26

Pyrimidines (1 ring)

Answer 26

1. uracil
2. cytosine
3. thymine

Question 27

Purine (2 rings)

Answer 27

1. adenine
   2.guanine

Question 28

Pentose

Answer 28

5 carbon sugar

Question 29

2 kinds of pentose

Answer 29

RNA
DNA

Question 30

Ribose

Answer 30

GCA U

Question 31

Deoxyribose

Answer 31

GCA T

Question 32

NucleoSide

Answer 32

Base + Sugar

Question 33

NucleoTide

Answer 33

Bast + Sugar + Phosphate

Question 34

Sugar + base + 2P

Answer 34

Nucleoside diphosphate

Question 35

what is DNA is synthesized from

Answer 35

deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates

Question 36

What is RNA is synthesized from?

Answer 36

ribonucleoside triphosphates

Question 37

What are nucleotides linked by?

Answer 37

phosphodiester bonds

Question 38

Molecular Interactions

Answer 38

Interactions between individual molecules usually mediated by noncovalent attractions

Question 39

Electrostatic attractions

Answer 39

(Ionic bonds, interactions between oppositely charged atoms, happens within a molecule or between )

Question 40

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 40

(much weaker than covalent bonds, fond in water, also found when and H+ comes close to an electronegative atom ie: O or N)

Question 41

Van der Waals attractions

Answer 41

(whenever atoms are close together, are transient fluctuations in electron distributions)

Question 42

Hydrophobic force

Answer 42

(pushing non polar parts of molecules out of H-bonded water network)- ie. Hydrophobic interior of cell membrane

Individually, very weak forces–BUT can sum to generate strong binding between molecules

Question 43

Purine- pyrimidine bonds

Answer 43

1) Holds the DNA double helix together
2) A-T have 2H bonds
3) G-C have 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 44

Forces that keep DNA strands Together

Answer 44

1. Hydrogen bonds
2. Hydrophobic interactions
3. Van der Waals attractions

Question 45

How are DNA strands separated?

Answer 45

With heat (unzipped and re- zipped)

Question 46

Why are denaturing (separating) DNA strands important?

Answer 46

for DNA replication (including PCR) & RNA synthesis

Question 47

Antiparallel

Answer 47

(This means that one strand is 5’→ 3’ while its partner is 3’→ 5)

Question 48

what the 2 ends of the DNA strands are composed of?

Answer 48

5’ Phosphate group (-PO4)
3’ Hydroxyl group (OH)