1. Memory

Question 1

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Answer 1

Three systems of memory:

• sensory memory
• short-term memory
• long-term memory

Question 2

Short-Term memory

Answer 2

Memory store with limited capacity and duration (less than 1 minute).

STM is limited to about 7 pieces of information without losing (forgetting) any.

The amount of information remembered by STM can be increased by the use of chunking.

Question 3

Sensory memory

Answer 3

A memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time.

Question 4

Phonological Loop

Answer 4

• Is a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds or an auditory code.
• Uses speech and hearing specific brain regions.
• The Word-length effect states that you can remember more one-syllable words than four or five-syllable words.
• The Brown-Peterson Test found that working memory can store as many syllables as can be rehearsed in about 2 seconds.

Question 5

Working memory

Answer 5

An active short-term memory model consisting of:

• Phonological Loop
• Episodic Buffer
• Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 6

The Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 6

A storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code.

• Based on shapes, colours, and textures.
• Feature binding chunks these features into one image.
• you can keep track of about 3 or 4 images at any given time.

Question 7

Episodic Buffer

Answer 7

Combines the images and sounds from the Phonological Loop and Visuospatial Sketchpad into coherent, story-like episodes.

• Holds 7 to 10 pieces of random information or 14 to 20 pieces of related prose information by connecting it to information found in Long-term memory.

Question 8

Long-Term Memory

Answer 8

Potentially infinite storage.

Question 9

Encoding

Answer 9

The process of transforming sensory and perceptual information into memory traces.

Question 10

Retrieval

Answer 10

The process of accessing memorized information and returning it to short-term memory.

Question 11

Declarative memory

Answer 11

The part of Long-Term memory which we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalised, including facts about the world and one’s own experiences.

Declarative memory distributed across the cortex.

Subgroups of Declarative memory:

• Semantic
• Episodic

Question 12

Semantic memory

Answer 12

Declarative memories that include facts about the world.

Question 13

Episodic Memory

Answer 13

Declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organised around “episodes”and are recalled from a first- person perspective.

Question 14

Nondeclarative Memory

Answer 14

Include actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness.

Subgroups of Nondeclarative memory:

• Procedural
• Conditioning

Question 15

Procedural Memory

Answer 15

Nondeclarative memories storage for patterns of muscle movements (motor memory).

Question 16

Conditioning Memory

Answer 16

Nondeclarative memory for classical conditioning information.

Question 17

Long-Term Potentiation

Answer 17

Demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together.

Classical conditioning is possible because of long-term potential.

Question 18

Hippocampus

Answer 18

Residing in the temporal lobe, it is critical for memory processes such as consolidation of information into long-term memory.

Question 19

Consolidation

Answer 19

The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories.

Question 20

Amnesia

Answer 20

A profound loss of at least one form of memory.

Question 21

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 21

An inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury.

Question 22

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 22

An inability to access memories for events occurring before a brain injury.

Question 23

Rehearsal

Answer 23

Repeating

Not most efficient or productive way to memorise

Question 24

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 24

Prolonging exposure to information by repeating it.

Question 25

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 25

Prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning.

Question 26

Levels of Processing

Answer 26

Shallow: sound or spelling of a word. (Answer rhymes with ___).

Deep: meaning or function of a word.
(A synonym of the answer is ___).

Question 27

Retrieval through Recognition

Answer 27

Identifying a stimulus when it is presented to you.

Question 28

Retrieval through Recall

Answer 28

Recall involves retrieving information when asked, but without that information being present during the retrieval process.

Retrieval cues substantially help recall.

Question 29

State Based Retrieval

Answer 29

Retrieval is most effective when it occurs during the same state (condition) as encoding did.

• Context-dependant (external conditions match)
• State-dependant (internal conditions match)
• Mood-dependant (mood matches. Intensity of mood is irrelevant)

Question 30

Emotional Memories

Answer 30

Retrieval of memories from long-term memory is greatly improved when those memories were consolidated at the same time as strong emotions occurred (if the amygdala was active during consolidation).

Question 31

Amygdala

Answer 31

Structure of brain involved in emotional processing and responding.

Question 32

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 32

Extremely vivid and detailed memories. These memories were consolidated at the same time as extreme emotion felt (high amygdala activity).

Question 33

Forgetting Curve

Answer 33

We forget the most in a short time after learning. As time goes on the amount we forget becomes less.

Question 34

Mnemonics

Answer 34

Techniques to improve memory.

• Acronyms
• Dual coding
• Method of loci
• Practice tests

Question 35

Schemas

Answer 35

An organized cluster of memories that constitutes knowledge about events, objects, and ideas.

When we encounter similar events, the schema helps us know what to expect, pay attention to, and remember.

Schemas are involved in all three stages of memory.

Affect our memories in two ways:

• Organisation
• Distinctiveness

Question 36

Memory Reconstruction

Answer 36

• We often fill in details.

- Every time we revisit a memory, it may get reconstructed.

Question 37

False Memory

Answer 37

Remembering events that did not occur.

DRM procedure:
Given a list of highly associated words with one key word left out, people how study the list will likely “remember” the missing word being on the list even though it was not.

Question 38

Misinformation effect:

Answer 38

Information received after an event may become part of the memory.

People can be led to falsely “remember” things simply by asking leading questions.