1. Medication Overview Flashcards
What is pharmacy?
Pharmacy is the science and practice of preparing, dispensing, and reviewing drugs, as well as providing additional clinical services to ensure safe and effective medication use.
How has pharmacy evolved over time?
Pharmacy has evolved from trial and error methods to a more scientific approach, with formal education and research becoming essential in the 17th century.
What were some major drug discoveries in the last 200-300 years?
1906: Vitamins (Fredrick Hopkins)
1921: Insulin (Frederick Banting and Charles Best)
1950: External cardiac pacemaker (John Hopps and Wilfred Bigelow)
1967: Propranolol (first beta blocker, James Black)
1999: The Edmonton Protocol (James Shapiro)
What are the sources of modern drugs?
Plants: e.g., digoxin from foxglove, morphine from opium poppy.
Animals: e.g., insulin from pig pancreas.
Minerals: e.g., calcium and iron.
What is pharmacology?
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on the body, focusing on how they can improve health or cause harm if misused.
What subjects are important for understanding pharmacology?
Knowledge in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathophysiology is essential for the safe application of drugs.
How do pharmacology and therapeutics differ?
Pharmacology studies drugs and their effects, while therapeutics focuses on using drugs to treat diseases and alleviate suffering.
What are the classifications of drugs?
Traditional Drugs: Chemically produced in labs.
Biologics: Naturally produced substances (e.g., hormones, vaccines).
Natural Alternatives: Herbs, vitamins, and dietary supplements.
What are the responsibilities of pharmacy technicians?
Pharmacy technicians assist in dispensing medications, managing patient profiles, preparing products, and providing instructions on medical devices.
What is required to become a registered pharmacy technician in Canada?
Candidates must complete a CCAPP-accredited program, pass relevant certification exams, and accumulate 2000 hours of work or teaching experience within the past 36 months.
Why is understanding the history of pharmacy important?
Understanding the history helps contextualize current practices and the evolution of drug discovery and healthcare roles.
What is the significance of the 17th century in pharmacy?
The 17th century marked the beginning of better documentation and basic testing in pharmacy, leading to the requirement for pharmacists to have a university education.
What are the consequences of improper drug application?
Improper application of drugs can lead to devastating health consequences, including adverse reactions, ineffective treatment, and potential harm to patients.
What is the role of pharmacists in healthcare?
Pharmacists are experts in medication management, advising patients on drug interactions, side effects, and proper usage, and ensuring safe medication distribution.
How are drugs classified based on their sources?
Natural Sources: Derived from plants, animals, and minerals.
Synthetic Sources: Chemically manufactured in laboratories.
What is the difference between pharmacology and pharmaceutics?
Pharmacology focuses on the study of drugs and their effects, while pharmaceutics is the science of formulating and preparing medications.
What is pharmacotherapeutics?
Pharmacotherapeutics is the application of pharmacology to treat diseases, focusing on the therapeutic use of drugs.
Who are the healthcare providers that can prescribe drugs?
Physicians, dentists, advanced nurse practitioners, and, depending on provincial or territorial laws, some other healthcare providers.
What are the key components of the pharmacy team?
The pharmacy team includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy assistants, each with specific responsibilities and scopes of practice.
What is the importance of interdisciplinary knowledge in pharmacology?
Interdisciplinary knowledge enhances the understanding of drug interactions, patient care, and the overall effectiveness of treatment plans.
What are some examples of traditional drugs?
Traditional drugs are chemically produced in laboratories and include medications like antibiotics, analgesics, and antihypertensives.
What are biologics, and how do they differ from traditional drugs?
Biologics are naturally produced by living organisms and include substances like vaccines and hormones, differing from traditional drugs that are chemically synthesized.
What is the evolving role of pharmacy technicians?
Pharmacy technicians are increasingly involved in patient care, medication management, and ensuring the accuracy of prescriptions, reflecting a growing recognition of their expertise.
What is the process for becoming a registered pharmacy technician?
The process includes completing a CCAPP-accredited program, passing certification exams, and gaining relevant work experience.
What is the historical significance of pharmacy?
Pharmacy has existed for thousands of years, evolving through trial and error, and has become a distinct profession separate from medicine.
What are the major drug discoveries highlighted in the lecture?
A: Key discoveries include:
1906: Vitamins (Fredrick Hopkins)
1921: Insulin (Frederick Banting and Charles Best)
1951: Cobalt bomb for cancer (Harold Johns)
1967: Propranolol (first beta blocker, James Black)
What are the classifications of drugs based on their sources?
Plant-derived: e.g., digoxin from foxglove.
Animal-derived: e.g., insulin from pig pancreas.
Mineral-derived: e.g., calcium and iron supplements.
What is the definition of pharmacology?
Pharmacology is defined as “the study of medicine,” focusing on how drugs interact with biological systems.
What are the interrelated subject areas important for pharmacology?
Key areas include anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathophysiology, which are essential for understanding drug actions and effects.
How do pharmacology and therapeutics interconnect?
Pharmacology provides the knowledge of drug actions, while therapeutics applies this knowledge to treat diseases and manage patient care.
What are the roles of healthcare professionals in pharmacology?
Healthcare professionals, including pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, are involved in medication distribution, patient education, and adherence to drug laws.
What distinguishes traditional drugs from biologics and natural alternatives?
Traditional drugs are chemically synthesized, biologics are derived from living organisms, and natural alternatives include herbs and dietary supplements.
What is the role of the pharmacy technician in the healthcare team?
Pharmacy technicians handle technical aspects of dispensing, manage patient profiles, prepare medications, and provide device instructions.
What are the eligibility criteria for becoming a registered pharmacy technician in Canada?
Candidates must complete a CCAPP-accredited program, pass certification exams, and have 2000 hours of relevant work or teaching experience.
What is the importance of drug education in pharmacy?
Drug education is crucial for ensuring patients understand their medications, potential side effects, and the importance of adherence to prescribed therapies.
How has the role of pharmacy technicians evolved?
The role has expanded to include more patient interaction, medication management, and responsibilities that were traditionally held by pharmacists.
What are the consequences of improper drug application?
Misapplication can lead to adverse drug reactions, ineffective treatment, and increased healthcare costs due to complications.
Historical Context
- Evolution of Pharmacy:
Pharmacy has evolved significantly over thousands of years, transitioning from trial-and-error practices to a more scientific approach.
Historical Context - Seventeenth Century Developments:
This period saw the demand for better documentation and basic testing, leading to the establishment of formal education requirements for pharmacists.
Major Drug Discoveries
Significant Discoveries:
1906: Discovery of vitamins by Fredrick Hopkins.
1921: Insulin discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Best.
1950s: Innovations like the external cardiac pacemaker and cobalt bomb for cancer treatment.
Drug Sources
Natural Sources:
Many modern drugs are derived from plants (e.g., digoxin from foxglove), animals (e.g., insulin from pigs), and minerals (e.g., calcium supplements).
Drug Sources
Examples of Plant-Derived Drugs:
Willow bark = aspirin
Opium poppy = morphine
Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Definitions:
Pharmacology: The study of drugs and their effects on the body.
Therapeutics: The application of pharmacology to treat diseases.
Pharmacotherapeutics: Focuses on the use of drugs to treat specific conditions.
Roles in Healthcare
Healthcare Providers:
Physicians, dentists, and advanced nurse practitioners can prescribe medications, while pharmacists and pharmacy technicians play crucial roles in medication management and patient education.
Pharmacy Team Dynamics
Team Composition:
The pharmacy team includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and assistants, each with distinct responsibilities.
Pharmacy Team Dynamics
Evolving Roles: Pharmacy technicians are increasingly involved in patient care and medication management, reflecting a shift in the healthcare landscape.
Drug Classification
Types of Drugs:
Traditional Drugs: Chemically synthesized in laboratories.
Biologics: Naturally produced substances, including hormones and vaccines.
Natural Alternatives: Include herbs, vitamins, and dietary supplements.
Eligibility for Pharmacy Technicians
Requirements:
To become a registered pharmacy technician in Canada, candidates must complete a CCAPP-accredited program, pass relevant certification exams, and accumulate 2000 hours of work or teaching experience.
Summary
Pharmacy’s Historical Significance:
Pharmacy has a rich history, with many significant drug discoveries in the last 300 years.
Summary
Interconnectedness of Fields:
Understanding pharmacology is essential for effective therapeutics and patient care.
What is Pharmacy?
The study of medicine.
How has pharmacy evolved?
Pharmacy has a rich history, evolving alongside human civilization through a trial and error approach.
What significant changes occurred in pharmacy during the 17th century?
Better documentation and basic testing became requirements, and research was initiated. Pharmacists were required to have a university education to practice.
Name three major discoveries in medicine and pharmacy in the last 300 years and their discoverers.
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1921: Insulin, discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Best
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1950: External cardiac pacemaker, discovered by John Hopps and Wilfred Bigelow
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1999: The Edmonton Protocol (pancreatic islet cell transplantation for diabetes), discovered by James Shapiro
What are the three main sources from which drugs are derived?
Plants, animals, and minerals.
Give three examples of modern drugs derived from plants.
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Foxglove (digoxin) for congestive heart failure
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Willow bark (aspirin)
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Opium poppy (morphine)
Give two examples of modern drugs derived from animals.
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Dried thyroid gland tissue (thyroid supplements)
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Ground-up pancreas of cows or pigs (insulin)
Provide three examples of drugs derived from minerals.
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Calcium
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Iron
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Potassium
Define Pharmacology.
Pharmacology is the expansive study of medicine, encompassing its origins, properties, and uses.
Why is pharmacology considered a challenging field?
It requires knowledge across diverse areas like anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathophysiology. It also involves understanding complex concepts like drug names, interactions, side effects, mechanisms of action, and varying patient responses.
Define Therapeutics.
Therapeutics is the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease and the alleviation of suffering.
What is Pharmacotherapeutics?
Pharmacotherapeutics is the application of pharmacological principles to the treatment of disease. It focuses on using medications to treat diseases.
Explain the connection between pharmacology and therapeutics.
Both fields are essential for providing effective healthcare. Pharmacology provides the scientific understanding of drugs, while therapeutics focuses on applying that knowledge to treat diseases.
Who are some healthcare providers who can prescribe drugs?
Physicians, dentists, and advanced nurse practitioners, with other groups potentially able to prescribe depending on provincial or territorial law.
What are the roles of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and nurses in medication management?
They are directly involved in dispensing, administering, educating patients about medications, managing, and/or enforcing drug laws.
Name the three main classifications of drugs.
Traditional drugs, biologics, and natural alternative therapies.
What are traditional drugs?
Traditional drugs are chemically produced in a laboratory and are routinely used by healthcare providers.
Define Biologics.
Biologics are substances naturally produced by the body itself, in animal cells, or in microorganisms. They include hormones and vaccines and are routinely used by healthcare providers.
What are Natural Alternative Therapies?
Natural alternative therapies are naturally produced substances such as herbs, extracts, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements.
Define Pharmaceutics.
Pharmaceutics is the science of pharmacy, encompassing all aspects of drug development, production, and dispensing.
Describe the role of pharmacists.
Pharmacists are medication experts who catalog signs, symptoms, side effects, drug interactions, and act as advisors to patients, guiding them on safe and effective medication use.
Who comprises the pharmacy team?
The pharmacy team includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy assistants, each with their own responsibilities and scope of practice.
Describe the evolving role of pharmacy technicians.
Pharmacy technicians play a key role in supporting pharmacists. Their responsibilities are expanding to include technical aspects of dispensing prescriptions, data entry, preparing products, performing final accuracy checks, and instructing patients on medical devices.
What is the status of registered pharmacy technicians in Canada?
Registered pharmacy technicians are recognized as regulated healthcare professionals in Canada. They are held to specific standards of practice and ethics.
Pablum:
Developed in 1930 by Canadian pediatricians, Pablum represented a major breakthrough in infant nutrition.
Hypothermia and Open-Heart Surgery:
The source mentions that Wilfred Bigelow’s pioneering work with hypothermia in 1952 was crucial for advancements in open-heart surgery.
Propranolol
The development of Propranolol, the first beta-blocker, in 1967 by James Black had a significant impact on cardiovascular medicine
Red Iron Oxide:
The source specifically mentions red iron oxide being used as an inert ingredient in quinapril (Accupril), highlighting the diverse applications of minerals in medications.
What is the definition of pharmacology?
Pharmacology is defined as the study of medicine. It is derived from the Greek words pharmakon, meaning “medicine,” and logos, meaning “study”.
Why is a strong knowledge of pharmacology important to properly educate and advise patients about their health care needs?
A strong knowledge of pharmacology is necessary to properly educate and advise patients about their healthcare needs. This knowledge is also essential to communicate effectively with health care providers, who rely heavily on health care professionals to gather medical data from their patients and to follow up on results of therapy.
What is the interconnectedness of pharmacology and therapeutics?
The interconnectedness of the fields of pharmacology and therapeutics is important to health care workers. Health care providers apply the discipline of pharmacology in their clinical practice because it contains knowledge of how drugs improve the health of the human body. If used properly, drugs can dramatically improve patients’ quality of life.
What is the difference between pharmacology and therapeutics?
Pharmacology is the study of medicine or drugs. Therapeutics is the science associated with the treatment and prevention of diseases.
What is pharmacotherapeutics?
Pharmacotherapeutics is the useful application of drugs for the purpose of fighting diseases. The study of pharmacology is important to health care professionals working in different fields of medicine. Pharmacotherapeutics is the use of medicine to treat disease.
What is pharmaceutics?
Pharmaceutics is the science of preparing and dispensing drugs and is a very important part of pharmacotherapy. Pharmaceutics is the science of pharmacy.
Why is dispensing medication safely a major challenge for health care professionals and patients?
Pharmaceutics involves the successful dispensing of drugs for therapeutic purposes. Dispensing medication safely is a major challenge for health care professionals and patients.
What are the three classifications of drugs?
Agents may be classified as traditional drugs, biologics, and natural alternatives.
What are the characteristics of traditional drugs?
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Chemically produced in a laboratory
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Routinely used by health care providers
What are the characteristics of biologics?
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Naturally produced by the body itself, in animal cells, or in microorganisms
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Include hormones and vaccines
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Routinely used by health care providers
What are the characteristics of natural alternative therapies?
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Naturally produced
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Include herbs, extracts, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements
Why do natural alternative therapies not necessarily mean that the therapies are safe?
Just because the word “natural” is used when referring to natural alternative therapies, it does not necessarily mean that the therapies are safe. Natural alternative therapies can also cause drug–diet interactions.
Provide examples of biologics.
Biologics would include products such as insulin for diabetes, estrogen for hormone replacement therapy, and the influenza vaccine.
When did pharmacy begin?
Pharmacy has been in existence for thousands of years. It is believed that the origins of pharmacy almost coincide with the beginnings of human life itself. Early humans observed animals and used that knowledge to create medications from materials found throughout their environment.
How did pharmacy evolve?
The history of pharmacy is rich and exciting, filled with many discoveries and events. From beginnings as remote and simple as the caveman came the proud profession of pharmacy. Its development parallels that of humans. Ancient humans learned from instinct and from observation of birds and animals. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was humankind’s first soothing application.
Why were fatalities common in the early practice of pharmacy?
Ancient Egyptians compiled lists of drugs within formularies or pharmacopoeias. Medical information was documented on clay tablets around 2600 bce, and the Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500 bce, contained formulas for more than 800 remedies. Each tribe had a designated person who was the priest, pharmacist, and physician all in one. Little was known about the toxicity of drugs, however, so fatalities were common.
What contribution did the ancient Romans make to the history of pharmacy?
The ancient Romans and Greeks organized all of the medical and pharmaceutical knowledge existing at that time, converted theories into scientific rules, and soon took on the responsibility for preparing their own prescriptions. Around 100 ad, Dioscorides, known as the “father of pharmacology,” accompanied the Roman armies wherever they went in the known world. He recorded everything he observed and devised excellent rules for the collection, storage, and usage of drugs. His texts, including De Materia Medica, were considered basic science as late as the sixteenth century.
What is trepanation? Why was it performed?
Historically, there was a strong belief in a spiritual cause for disease, so the tribes relied extensively on their shamans, who removed evil spirits from the bodies of ill persons. Trepanation, a surgical procedure whereby a hole was drilled in the skull to create a portal for evil spirits to leave the body, was also practised. Later, Hippocrates, the “father of medicine,” liberated medicine from the belief that diseases were caused by spirits. Hippocrates introduced the concept of the four bodily humors—yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm—which, when out of balance, produced disease.
What contribution did Galen make to the history of pharmacy?
Galen, a Greek physician, wrote On the Art of Healing and was very critical of physicians who did not prepare their own remedies. He practised and taught both pharmacy and medicine in Rome around 160 ad. His principles for preparing and compounding medicines were predominant in the Western world for the next 1500 years, and his name still is associated with galenicals, the class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means. Many of the procedures that Galen devised have their counterparts in the modern compounding laboratories of today. For example, he was the originator of the formula for a cold cream that is essentially similar to the product that we know today.
When did pharmacy become a separate discipline from medicine?
Pharmacy soon became a separate discipline from medicine. During the fourteenth century, there was still a strong belief that evil spirits caused some diseases, and treatments were still a process of trial and error—some were effective, but some caused death. New scientists emerged, and new methods were devised to test hypotheses, which led to more advancements in treatments for illnesses.
What contribution did Paracelsus make to pharmacy?
The seventeenth century saw the rise of alchemy or chemistry, which included basic testing and research. A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, challenged Galen’s botanically oriented approach to medicine with his own chemical-based theories. Better documentation of this new knowledge was initiated. Pharmacists were now required to have a university education to practise, and larger quantities of known and new drugs were imported from the New World and Asia; new chemical medicines were also introduced.
Who was Louis Hébert?
In 1605, the young Parisian apothecary Louis Hébert answered the call of the New World when he helped de Monts and Champlain build New France’s first settlement at Port Royal (Nova Scotia, Canada). Hébert looked after the health of the settlers, cultivated native drug plants, and supervised the gardens while learning about the native specimens of drug plants brought to him by the aboriginal Micmac population. Hébert was the first Canadian pharmacist.
What did pharmacists compound during the 1800s?
During the 1800s, pharmacists compounded many of the drugs ordered by physicians and also sold soda and ice cream in their establishments. Drugs were included as ingredients in commonly consumed products, for example, cocaine in Coca Cola and lithium in 7-Up.
When were many drugs and vaccines discovered?
Many drugs and vaccines were discovered in the last 200 to 300 years.
When was modern pharmacy born?
With the progress of the scientific era, the number of available medicines increased, as scientists all over the world discovered new chemicals to treat diseases. The turn of the twentieth century saw the growth of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants that mass-produced these new drugs. Increasingly, regulations were put in place to ensure public safety and to prevent false claims. The pharmacist’s focus turned to patient-centred care, and modern pharmacy was born.
Why is the interconnectedness of the fields of pharmacology and therapeutics important to health care workers?
More than 10 000 brand name and generic drugs, with different names, interactions, side effects, and complex mechanisms of action, are currently available. Thus, keeping abreast of current knowledge about these thousands of drugs is a huge challenge. Many of the drugs currently available may be prescribed for more than one disease, and most produce multiple effects in the body. Further complicating the study of pharmacology is the fact that drugs may cause different responses, depending on such factors as gender, age, health status, body mass, and genetics.
What did the pharmacy team consist of in its evolving role?
The pharmacy team includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy assistants, each with his or her own responsibilities and scope of practice.
How did the pharmacy technician’s role evolve?
As the practice of pharmacy evolved, so did the role of the pharmacy technician. At first, pharmacy technicians or assistants were family members who helped out in the pharmacy, often as cashiers or fulfilling administrative roles. However, with the expanded role of the pharmacist, a need arose for an expanded role for the technician, and a new regulated profession was born. The pharmacy technician can now perform all technical aspects associated with dispensing prescriptions, from entering patient profile information to preparing products and performing the final accuracy check on prescriptions. Pharmacy technicians are also becoming more actively involved in collecting patient medication information for the pharmacist and instructing patients on medical devices, such as blood glucose monitors.
What is a registered pharmacy technician?
For many years, pharmacy has been a regulated profession, requiring the attainment of specific educational and regulatory qualifications to be licensed to practise in Canada. Once these requirements have been met, the pharmacist may register with his or her provincial regulatory body on an annual basis. There is a movement throughout Canada toward regulating the pharmacy technician profession also because of the increased responsibility of this role and to ensure public safety. Several provinces have passed new legislation to protect the pharmacy technician title so that only individuals meeting registration requirements within the province can become registered pharmacy technicians.
What examination must candidates pass to become a registered pharmacy technician?
For registration, the candidate has to pass both parts of a national qualifying examination conducted by the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada (PEBC). The two parts are the multiple-choice questions (MCQ) component and the Objective Structured Performance Examination (OSPE), which is the practical component. PEBC is the national certification body for the profession of pharmacy in Canada, and their website is the official source for information regarding the PEBC certification process for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Entry to that examination is via two routes: graduation from a college pharmacy technician program accredited by the Canadian Council for Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs (CCAPP), or passing a preliminary PEBC evaluating examination.
What does the CCAPP ensure?
The CCAPP is responsible for the accreditation of the professional degree program in pharmacy at the universities in Canada and of pharmacy technician programs in the college-level system, ensuring that these programs have met stringent national educational standards.
How else can a candidate be eligible to take the Pharmacy Technician Qualifying Examination?
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Direct Completion of a CCAPP program
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Pass OCP Cert. Exam (2008)
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Pass PTCB-AB Cert. Exam (2008)
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Pass Pharmacist Evaluating Examination
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Completion of a pharmacist degree program in Canada or in the United States
What are the eligibility criteria for those that did not complete a CCAPP program?
2000 hours of work and/or teaching experience in the past 36 months
Besides the national qualifying examination, what other requirements for registration are there for pharmacy technicians?
Other requirements of registration include passing a provincial jurisprudence examination on the pharmacy laws and regulations of the province and carrying malpractice insurance. Registration occurs on an annual basis, along with continuing education
Where can more information about regulation be found?
More information about regulation can be found on provincial regulatory body websites, the PEBC website (www.pebc.ca), and the CCAPP website (www.ccapp-accredit.ca).
List some notable discoveries in medicine and pharmacy in the last 300 years.
Review Table 1.1 for a complete list of notable discoveries, but some notable ones are:
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Digitalis (1785)
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Smallpox vaccine (1798)
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Morphine (1806)
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Washing hands prevents the spread of disease (1847)
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Germ theory of disease (1860)
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Aspirin (1899)
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Insulin (1921)
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Penicillin (1928)
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Pablum (1930)
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The Edmonton Protocol (1999)
List some drugs derived from plants.
Review Table 1.2 for a complete list of drugs derived from plants, but some notable ones are:
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Foxglove = digoxin (congestive heart failure)
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Belladonna = atropine (dilate pupil) and scopolamine (motion sickness)
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Yams = estrogen replacement therapy
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Willow bark = aspirin
List some drugs derived from animals.
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Dried thyroid gland tissue = thyroid supplements
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Pregnant mares’ urine = Premarin (menopause)
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Ground up pancreas of cows or pigs = insulin
List some drugs derived from minerals.
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Calcium, iron
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Copper, magnesium, selenium, zinc
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Potassium
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Red iron oxide as inert ingredient in quinapril (Accupril)
What does the new horizon in pharmacy hold?
The new horizon in pharmacy holds more research into gene therapy and genetic defects. New medications will be devised on the basis of patients’ genetic makeup. Research continues to pursue cures for major diseases, such as cancer.
How are some drugs still derived, even though most medications continue to be mass-produced synthetically?
Although most medications continue to be mass-produced synthetically, some drugs are still derived from natural sources, such as plants, animals, and minerals.
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Pharmacy is an ancient profession that has existed for thousands of years. Early humans observed animals and used their knowledge to create medications.
Many drug and vaccine discoveries occurred in the last 200-300 years. As the scientific era progressed, so did the number of available medicines. For example, Canadians Banting and Best discovered insulin in 1921. This discovery had a significant impact on the lives of people with diabetes worldwide.
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Pharmacology is a broad and challenging topic. It is the study of drugs and their effects on the human body. The subject encompasses how drugs enter and travel through the body, how they interact with the human body, and how they elicit different responses.
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Pharmacology and therapeutics are interconnected fields that are crucial to healthcare workers. Therapeutics is the science of treating and preventing diseases. Pharmacotherapeutics is the application of drugs to fight diseases.
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Drugs can be classified into three main categories: traditional drugs, biologics, and natural alternatives.
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Traditional drugs are chemically produced in a laboratory.
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Biologics are produced by the body, animals, or microorganisms. For example, biologics include insulin for diabetes and the influenza vaccine.
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Natural alternative therapies include herbs, extracts, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements. Just because something is natural does not mean it is safe; natural therapies can also cause drug and diet interactions.
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Pharmaceutics is the science of preparing and dispensing drugs. Pharmaceutics is a vital part of pharmacotherapy.
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The pharmacy team includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy assistants. Each member has their own responsibilities and scope of practice. The role of the pharmacy technician has evolved and expanded over time. Pharmacy technicians now perform many tasks, including preparing and dispensing prescriptions, checking patient profiles, and instructing patients.
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Becoming a registered pharmacy technician in Canada requires specific education and meeting regulatory requirements. This includes passing a national qualifying exam conducted by the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada (PEBC).
What is the historical context of pharmacy?
Pharmacy has existed for thousands of years, evolving from early human practices of using natural materials and plants to treat illnesses.
What were some early practices in pharmacy?
Early humans learned from observing animals and nature, discovering which plants could help with various health issues.
Name a significant drug discovery and its impact.
Insulin (1921) - Discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Best, it is crucial for managing diabetes and has transformed the lives of many patients.
What is pharmacology?
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs work in the body and how they can help treat diseases.
Why is pharmacology interdisciplinary?
It combines knowledge from biology, chemistry, and medicine, which is essential for safe and effective drug use in health care.
What is the connection between pharmacology and therapeutics?
Pharmacology informs therapeutics, which focuses on treating diseases using medications prescribed by health care providers.
How are drugs classified?
Drugs can be classified as:
Traditional Drugs: Chemically synthesized in labs.
Biologics: Naturally produced in living organisms (e.g., vaccines).
Natural Alternatives: Derived from plants and other natural sources.
What is pharmaceutics?
Pharmaceutics is the science of preparing and dispensing medications to patients.
What role do pharmacists play?
Pharmacists ensure patients receive the correct medications, provide information on usage, and educate about side effects and interactions.
Describe the pharmacy team and their roles.
Pharmacists: Responsible for patient care and medication management.
Pharmacy Technicians: Assist in preparing medications and managing inventory.
Pharmacy Assistants: Support administrative tasks and help the pharmacy team.
What is the evolving role of pharmacy technicians?
Pharmacy technicians are now a regulated profession in Canada, with expanded responsibilities including collecting patient information and providing instructions on medical devices.
What is the future of pharmacy?
Ongoing research in gene therapy and personalized medicine is shaping the future of pharmacology and therapeutics, aiming to tailor treatments to individual patients.
What are some major drug discoveries in the last 200-300 years?
Digitalis (1785) - William Withering
Smallpox Vaccine (1798) - Edward Jenner
Penicillin (1928) - Alexander Fleming
What is the significance of the smallpox vaccine?
Developed by Edward Jenner, it was the first vaccine that helped prevent a deadly disease, marking a major advancement in public health.
What are biologics?
Biologics are natural agents produced by living organisms, such as hormones and vaccines, used in medical treatments.
What is the definition of pharmacology?
Pharmacology is derived from Greek words meaning “medicine” (pharmakon) and “study” (logos), defined as the study of medicine and how drugs affect the body.
What are the core concepts of pharmacy?
1 - Pharmacy has existed for thousands of years.
2 - Many drugs and vaccines were discovered in the last 200-300 years.
3 - Pharmacology is expansive and challenging.
4 - Pharmacology and therapeutics are interconnected.
5 - Agents can be classified as traditional drugs, biologics, and natural alternatives.
6 - Pharmaceutics is the science of pharmacy.
7 - The pharmacy team includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy assistants.
What is the importance of understanding pharmacology for health care providers?
A thorough knowledge of pharmacology is essential for prescribing medications safely and effectively, as well as for educating patients about their treatments.
How do drugs produce biological responses?
Drugs are chemical agents that interact with the body’s systems to produce therapeutic effects, which can vary based on factors like age, gender, and health status.
What are the different sources of drugs?
Plants: e.g., foxglove for digoxin, willow bark for aspirin.
Animals: e.g., insulin from animal pancreas, thyroid supplements from dried thyroid tissue.
Minerals: e.g., calcium and iron supplements.
What is the role of the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada (PEBC)?
The PEBC oversees the registration and certification of pharmacy technicians and pharmacists in Canada, ensuring they meet national standards.
What is the process for becoming a registered pharmacy technician in Canada?
Candidates must:
- Complete a CCAPP-accredited pharmacy technician program.
- Pass the national qualifying examination (MCQ and OSPE).
- Pass a provincial jurisprudence examination.
- Carry malpractice insurance and register annually.
What are some examples of traditional drugs?
Traditional drugs are chemically synthesized in laboratories, such as:
Aspirin
Antibiotics like amoxicillin
Antidepressants like fluoxetine
What are the responsibilities of pharmacy assistants?
Pharmacy assistants support the pharmacy team by handling administrative tasks, managing inventory, and assisting customers with basic inquiries.
Why is patient-centered care important in pharmacy?
Patient-centered care focuses on the individual needs of patients, ensuring they receive appropriate medications and education, which improves health outcomes.
What is the significance of the Ebers Papyrus?
Written around 1500 BCE, the Ebers Papyrus is one of the oldest medical texts, containing over 800 remedies and demonstrating early pharmacological knowledge.
How did the role of pharmacists evolve over time?
Pharmacists transitioned from compounding medications to becoming health care providers who focus on patient care, medication management, and education.
What are some challenges in studying pharmacology?
The vast number of available drugs, their interactions, side effects, and the need to stay updated with new discoveries make pharmacology a challenging field.
What is the relationship between drugs and the body?
Drugs can mimic or block natural substances in the body, leading to various therapeutic effects or side effects depending on the drug and the individual.
What is the significance of the germ theory of disease?
Proposed by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s, this theory revolutionized medicine by establishing that microorganisms cause diseases, leading to improved hygiene and treatment practices.
What is the historical significance of ancient Egyptian practices in pharmacy?
Ancient Egyptians documented medical knowledge in formularies, such as the Ebers Papyrus, which contained over 800 remedies, showcasing early pharmacological practices.
Who is considered the “father of pharmacology”?
Dioscorides, known for his work “De Materia Medica,” which laid the foundation for pharmacological knowledge in the Western world.
What was the role of shamans in early medicine?
Shamans were believed to remove evil spirits causing illness, reflecting the spiritual beliefs surrounding disease in ancient cultures.
How did Hippocrates contribute to the field of medicine?
Hippocrates shifted the understanding of disease from spiritual causes to natural explanations, introducing the concept of the four bodily humors.
What advancements occurred during the Middle Ages in pharmacy?
The emergence of apothecaries, development of dosage forms, and the establishment of the first pharmacy shops in Baghdad and hospital pharmacies in Marrakech.
What was the impact of the scientific era on pharmacy?
The scientific era led to the mass production of drugs, increased regulations for public safety, and a shift towards patient-centered care in pharmacy practice.
What are some examples of major drug discoveries and their significance?
Aspirin (1899): Revolutionized pain management.
Penicillin (1928): Marked the beginning of modern antibiotics.
Insulin (1921): Critical for diabetes management.
What is the difference between traditional drugs and biologics?
Traditional drugs are chemically synthesized, while biologics are derived from living organisms, such as hormones and vaccines.
What are the responsibilities of pharmacy technicians?
Pharmacy technicians perform technical tasks related to dispensing medications, collecting patient information, and assisting pharmacists in patient care.
What is the significance of the CCAPP?
The Canadian Council for Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs (CCAPP) ensures that pharmacy technician programs meet national educational standards.
How do drugs interact with the body?
Drugs can alter biological processes by mimicking or blocking natural substances, leading to therapeutic effects or side effects.
What are some natural sources of drugs?
Foxglove: Digoxin (for heart failure).
Cinchona bark: Quinine (for malaria).
Opium poppy: Morphine (for pain relief).
What is the role of the pharmacist in patient care?
Pharmacists assess patient needs, provide medication counseling, monitor therapy outcomes, and ensure safe medication use.
What is the importance of continuing education for pharmacy professionals?
Continuing education helps pharmacy professionals stay current with new drugs, therapies, and regulations, ensuring high-quality patient care.
What is the primary purpose of the drug review process in Canada?
To ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of drugs available to Canadians.
Which branch of Health Canada is responsible for drug regulation?
Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB).
What constitutes a drug under the Food and Drugs Act?
Any substance for use in diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of diseases in humans or animals, including pharmaceuticals, biologically-derived products, and disinfectants.
What are the initial steps in drug development?
Research and development of chemical or biological substances, followed by testing on tissue cultures and small animals.
What is the purpose of preclinical testing?
To assess the safety and determine the appropriate dosage of a substance before human trials.
What is the intent of clinical trials?
To gather information on a drug’s dose, effectiveness, and safety in humans.
What must a sponsor submit to HPFB to begin the drug review process?
A New Drug Submission containing data on safety, efficacy, and quality.
What are the key steps in the drug review process?
- New Drug Submission filed.
- Thorough review by HPFB.
- Evaluation of safety and efficacy data.
- Review of proposed information for healthcare practitioners.
- Issuance of Notice of Compliance (NOC) and Drug Identification Number (DIN) if approved.
How does HPFB ensure the thoroughness of the review process?
By sometimes consulting external experts and advisory committees.
What factors influence the duration of the drug review process?
The type of product, the size and quality of the submission, and HPFB’s workload.
What is the Special Access Program?
A program that allows physicians to access drugs not currently available in Canada for patients with unmet medical needs.
What happens after a drug is approved?
Ongoing monitoring of safety and efficacy, including reporting of serious side effects and regular inspections of production sites.
What is the role of distributors after a drug is on the market?
They must report any new safety information and serious side effects to HPFB.
Why might some drugs not be approved by HPFB?
If there is insufficient evidence to support their safety, efficacy, or quality claims.
What is a Notice of Compliance (NOC)?
An official approval issued by HPFB allowing a drug to be marketed in Canada.
What is a Drug Identification Number (DIN)?
A unique number assigned to a drug that indicates its official approval in Canada.
What is the name of the national authority in Canada that regulates drugs and health products?
Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB)
What Canadian government department is the HPFB a part of?
Health Canada
What is the name of the act that legally defines drugs in Canada?
Food and Drugs Act
List at least 5 categories of products that are considered drugs in Canada.
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Prescription pharmaceuticals
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Nonprescription pharmaceuticals
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Biologically-derived products such as vaccines
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Tissues and organs
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Disinfectants
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Radiopharmaceuticals
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Natural health products that make therapeutic claims
List the 3 main criteria that HPFB uses to assess drugs.
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Safety
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Efficacy
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Quality
What are the first steps in drug development, before clinical trials?
Scientists develop chemical or biological substances, isolate and purify them, and administer them to tissue cultures and small animals. If the results are promising, more animal and laboratory tests are conducted to study effects and determine dosages.
Who applies to HPFB for authorization to conduct a clinical trial in Canada?
The sponsor, which is the person or company that takes responsibility for the application.
What is the purpose of a clinical trial?
To research and gather information on a drug’s dose, effectiveness, and safety in humans.
What kind of document does a sponsor file with HPFB when they want to market a drug in Canada?
A New Drug Submission
What does HPFB issue if the drug review is successful and the benefits of the drug outweigh the risks?
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Notice of Compliance (NOC)
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Drug Identification Number (DIN)
What is the name of the process where Health Canada may test biological products before and after authorization to sell?
Lot Release Process
What are the options for a sponsor if HPFB decides not to grant marketing authorization for their drug?
They can supply additional information, re-submit their submission later with more data, or ask HPFB to reconsider their decision.
What is the name of the process that allows a faster review for promising drug products for life-threatening or severely debilitating conditions?
Priority Review Process
What is a monograph?
A scientific standard that contains information about an ingredient, product, or class of products, including its properties, acceptable use, dosage, duration of use, risk information, etc. It represents Health Canada’s knowledge about what is necessary for the safe and effective use of the ingredient, product, or class of products.
Why is the process to obtain approval faster if an applicant wants to market a product that follows a monograph exactly?
Because Health Canada has already pre-cleared the information in the monograph.
What is the name of the program that allows physicians to gain access to drugs that are not currently available in Canada?
Special Access Program
Who administers the Special Access Program?
HPFB
What must the distributor of a drug do once the drug is on the market?
Report any new information received concerning serious side effects, including failure of the drug to produce the desired effect. They must also notify HPFB about any studies that have provided new safety information and request approval for any major changes to the manufacturing processes, dose regime, or recommended uses for the drug.
What activities does HPFB conduct as part of its post-market surveillance of drugs?
Market surveillance, monitoring adverse reaction reports, investigating complaints and problem reports, managing recalls, licensing most drug production sites, and conducting regular inspections.
What is drug classification?
Drug classification is the organization of medications based on their therapeutic use and pharmacological action, helping healthcare professionals determine appropriate treatments.
What are the two main types of drug classification?
- Therapeutic Classification
- Pharmacological Classification
What does therapeutic classification focus on?
It focuses on what the drug does clinically, such as treating specific health conditions.
Give examples of therapeutic classifications and their uses.
Anticoagulants: Prevent blood clotting.
Antihypertensives: Lower blood pressure.
Antianginal drugs: Treat chest pain (angina).
What does pharmacological classification focus on?
It focuses on the mechanism of action, or how the drug produces its effects in the body.
Provide examples of pharmacological classifications and their mechanisms.
Diuretics: Lower plasma volume.
Calcium Channel Blockers: Block calcium channels in the heart.
ACE Inhibitors: Block hormonal actions that narrow blood vessels.
What is a prototype drug?
A prototype drug is the original model from which other drugs in a class are developed, such as Penicillin V for penicillin antibiotics.
What is the difference between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs?
Prescription drugs require a doctor’s approval and are stored in a dispensary, while OTC drugs can be purchased without a prescription.
What are the schedules for OTC drugs in Canada?
Schedule II: Requires pharmacist intervention.
Schedule III: Available without a prescription but with some restrictions.
Unscheduled: Sold without professional supervision.
What are the three names a drug can have?
Chemical Name: Describes the drug’s chemical structure.
Generic Name: The universally accepted name (e.g., acetaminophen).
Trade Name: The brand name given by the manufacturer (e.g., Tylenol).
Why are drug regulations important?
They protect public health by ensuring that drugs are tested for safety and efficacy before being marketed.
Who oversees drug regulations in Canada?
Health Canada is responsible for monitoring drug safety and effectiveness.
What are the four stages of the drug approval process?
- Preclinical Testing: Laboratory and animal studies.
- Clinical Trials: Testing in humans.
- New Drug Application (NDA): Submission for regulatory review.
- Post-Marketing Studies: Ongoing monitoring after approval.
What are controlled substances?
Controlled substances are drugs that have a potential for abuse and are regulated under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA).
What are the schedules of controlled substances in Canada?
Schedule I: High potential for abuse (e.g., opioids).
Schedule II: Cannabis and its derivatives.
Schedule III: Amphetamines and other stimulants.
What is the purpose of drug classification?
Drug classification helps healthcare professionals understand the uses, effects, and mechanisms of drugs, facilitating better treatment decisions.
What is the significance of the prototype approach in drug classification?
The prototype approach allows for easier understanding and comparison of new drugs to established ones, helping to predict their effects and uses.
Why are generic drug names preferred over trade names?
Generic names are universally accepted, easier to remember, and reduce confusion, ensuring consistent communication among healthcare providers.
What are the advantages of prescription drugs?
Professional diagnosis and monitoring.
Controlled dosage and frequency.
Detailed instructions on use and side effects.
What are the disadvantages of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs?
Potential for incorrect self-diagnosis.
Lack of professional guidance on use.
Risk of ineffective treatment or progression of disease.
What role does Health Canada play in drug approval?
Health Canada evaluates the safety, efficacy, and quality of drugs before they can be marketed, ensuring public health protection.
What is the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA)?
The CDSA is Canadian legislation that regulates the possession, distribution, and use of controlled substances to prevent abuse and protect public health.
What are the key components of the preclinical testing stage?
Preclinical testing involves laboratory studies and animal testing to assess the drug’s safety and biological activity before human trials.
What happens during the clinical trials phase?
Clinical trials are conducted in multiple phases to evaluate the drug’s safety, effectiveness, and optimal dosing in human subjects.
What is included in the New Drug Application (NDA)?
The NDA includes data from preclinical and clinical studies, proposed labeling, and information on manufacturing processes for regulatory review.
What are post-marketing studies?
Post-marketing studies monitor the drug’s long-term effects and safety in the general population after it has been approved for use.
How are drugs scheduled under the CDSA?
Drugs are categorized into schedules based on their potential for abuse, with Schedule I having the highest potential and Schedule VIII the lowest.
What is the importance of bioavailability in drug comparison?
Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action, affecting drug effectiveness.
What are the implications of drug formulations on brand name vs. generic drugs?
Brand name drugs may have different formulations (e.g., fillers, coatings) compared to their generic counterparts, which can affect absorption and effectiveness.
What is the role of pharmacists in the dispensing of Schedule II and III drugs?
Pharmacists provide professional guidance, ensuring safe use and appropriate selection of these drugs, which may require their intervention.
What is the significance of a drug’s mechanism of action?
It describes how a drug produces its effects within the body, which is crucial f
How are prescription drugs classified in Canada?
Prescription drugs are classified as Schedule I drugs, requiring a prescription from a healthcare practitioner and must be stored in a dispensary.
What are the storage requirements for OTC drugs?
Schedule II: Stored in a pharmacy area with no public access.
Schedule III: Available in the self-selection area under pharmacist supervision.
Unscheduled: Can be sold from any retail outlet without supervision.
What are the advantages of prescription drugs over OTC drugs?
Prescription drugs are tailored to individual patient needs, with professional oversight ensuring proper use and monitoring for side effects.
What are the disadvantages of prescription drugs?
They may require time for a physician’s appointment and can be more costly compared to OTC options.
What is the role of Health Canada in drug regulation?
Health Canada oversees the safety and efficacy of drugs, ensuring they are thoroughly tested before being approved for public use.
What are the four stages of the drug approval process in Canada?
Preclinical Testing: Laboratory and animal studies.
Clinical Trials: Testing in human subjects.
NDA Submission: Review of the new drug application.
Post-Marketing Studies: Monitoring drug effects after approval.
What is the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA)?
It is legislation that regulates drugs with potential for abuse, categorizing them into schedules based on their risk levels.
What are the characteristics of Schedule I drugs?
Schedule I drugs have the highest potential for abuse and include many prescription medications, requiring strict regulation.
What is the importance of distinguishing between chemical, generic, and trade names?
Understanding these names helps healthcare professionals communicate effectively and ensures proper medication administration.
Why is the prototype drug model beneficial?
It provides a reference point for understanding the effects and characteristics of other drugs within the same pharmacological class.
What are the implications of drug bioavailability?
Bioavailability affects how much of a drug reaches systemic circulation, influencing its therapeutic effectiveness and safety.
How do drug regulations protect public health?
They ensure that only safe, effective, and properly tested drugs are available to consumers, minimizing the risk of adverse effects.
Drug Classification
Therapeutic Classification: Focuses on the clinical use of drugs (e.g., anticoagulants, antihypertensives).
Pharmacological Classification: Focuses on the mechanism of action (e.g., diuretics, calcium channel blockers).
Drug Names
Chemical Name: The scientific name based on standard nomenclature (IUPAC).
Generic Name: The universally accepted name that describes the active ingredient.
Trade Name: The brand name given by the manufacturer, often easier to remember.
Drug Approval Process
Preclinical Testing: Involves laboratory and animal studies to assess safety and biological activity.
Clinical Trials: Conducted in phases (I, II, III) to evaluate safety and efficacy in humans.
NDA Submission: A comprehensive application for regulatory review, including all data from previous stages.
Post-Marketing Studies: Ongoing monitoring of the drug’s effects in the general population after approval.
Health Canada’s Role
Oversees drug approval and regulation to ensure public safety.
Works with provincial and territorial governments to maintain health standards.
Controlled Substances
Schedule I: High potential for abuse; includes many prescription drugs.
Schedule II: Requires professional intervention; available without a prescription but under pharmacist supervision.
Schedule III: Available without a prescription but may present risks to certain populations.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Drug Types
Prescription Drugs: Advantages include professional oversight and tailored treatment; disadvantages include cost and access issues.
OTC Drugs: Advantages include ease of access and lower cost; disadvantages include potential for misuse and lack of professional guidance.
Bioavailability
Refers to the proportion of a drug that enters circulation when introduced into the body, affecting its therapeutic effectiveness.
What are the two main ways drugs are classified?
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Therapeutic Classification: Based on what the drug does clinically (its therapeutic usefulness). For example, antihypertensives are used to lower blood pressure.
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Pharmacological Classification: Based on a drug’s mechanism of action, meaning how it produces its effect in the body. For example, diuretics lower blood pressure by reducing blood volume.
What is a prototype drug?
The original drug model within a pharmacological class, from which other drugs in that class were developed. For example, Penicillin V is the prototype for the penicillin class of antibiotics.
What are the key differences between prescription drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs?
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Prescription drugs require a doctor’s prescription and are Schedule I drugs.
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OTC drugs can be purchased without a prescription and fall under Schedules II, III, or Unscheduled.
What are the three names a drug typically has, and what does each name tell us?
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Chemical Name: Describes the drug’s chemical structure using IUPAC nomenclature.
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Generic Name: The official, universally recognized name for the drug’s active ingredient. Preferred by healthcare professionals.
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Trade Name: The brand name given to a drug by the company that markets it.
Give an example of a drug with its chemical, generic, and trade names.
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Chemical Name: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide
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Generic Name: acetaminophen
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Trade Name: Tylenol
Why are generic drug names preferred in healthcare settings?
Generic names are unique, universally accepted, and clearly identify the drug’s active ingredient. They avoid confusion caused by multiple brand names for the same drug.
