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Chem 101 > (1) Measurement & Problem Solving > Flashcards

(1) Measurement & Problem Solving Flashcards

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0
Q

The 2010 U.S. population was estimated to be 308,255,000 people. Express this number in scientific notation.

A

308,255,000 =

3.08255 x 10^8 people

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1
Q

What are the S.I. Standard Units for

Length, mass, time, temperature?

A

Length: meter
Mass: kilogram
Time: seconds
Temperature: kelvin

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3
Q

Using units as a guide to solving problems is called?

A

Dimensional Analysis

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4
Q

1 kilometer is equal to how many miles?

A

0.6214 mi

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5
Q

1 meter (m) is equivalent to _____ inches

A

39.37 in

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6
Q

1 meter (m) is equivalent to _____ yards

A

1.094 yds

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7
Q

Convert 50.0 mL to liters (Use correct number of sig.figs)

A

0.0500 L (3 sig.figs)

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8
Q

1 liter (L) = how many cubic centimeters

A

1000 cubic centimeters

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9
Q

A unit of length cubed becomes a unit of what?

A

Volume

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10
Q

(sig.figs) Rule for Nonzero Digits?

A
  1. All nonzero digits are significant
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11
Q

(sig.figs) Rule for Interior Zeros?

A
  1. Interior Zeros (zeros between 2 #’s) are significant
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12
Q

(sig.figs) Rule for Trailing zeros?

A
  1. Trailing zeros (zeros to the right of a nonzero number) that fall after a decimal point. [ Ex. 5.10 or 3.00]T
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13
Q

Trailing zeros that fall before a decimal point are____?

A
  1. Significant Figures
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14
Q

Zero’s to the left of the first nonzero number are what type of zero?

A
  1. -They are Leading zero’s

- Only serve as place holders

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15
Q

1 lb = how many grams?

A

453.59g

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16
Q

Tera has a multiplier of?

A

10^12

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17
Q

Giga has a multiplier of?

A

10^9

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18
Q

Femto has a multiplier of?

A

10^-15

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19
Q

Milli has a multiplier of?

A

10^-3

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20
Q

Kilo has a multiplier of?

A

10^3

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21
Q

Centi has a multiplier of?

A

10^2

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22
Q

Micro has a multiplier of?

A

10^-6

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23
Q

Nano has a multiplier of?

A

10^9

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24
Q

Mega has a multiplier of?

A

10^6

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25
Q

Pico has a multiplier of?

A

10^12

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26
Q

Deci has a multiplier of?

A

10^-1

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27
Q

How many liters fit in 1 U.S. gallon?

A

3.785 liters (L)

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28
Q

How many centimeters in 1 ft?

A

30.48 cm

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29
Q

How many centimeters in 1 inch?

A

2.54 cm

30
Q

How many grams in a lb?

A

453.59 grams

31
Q

How many grams in one ounce?

A

28.35 grams

32
Q

How many quarts in 1 liter?

A

1.057 qt

33
Q

How many pounds in a kilogram?

A

2.205 lbs

34
Q

What is a solution map?

A

A visual plan of steps required to solve and convert from one unit to another.

35
Q

What is a conversion factor?

A

A construct of two amounts known to be equivalent, so that units can be converted.
(EX.) 2.54 cm/ 1 in =1
1 in/ 2.54 cm = 1

36
Q

What unit is density reported in?

A

g/cm^3

g/mL

37
Q

When converting units raised to a power , what must also be raised to the same power?

A

The Conversion Factor

38
Q

Units Raised to a Power:

A circle has an area of 2659 cm^2. What is its area in square meters?

A 
Given: 2659cm^2      Find: m^2
Conversion Factor: (0.01m)^2/ (1cm)2
2659cm^2 x (0.01m)2/ (1cm)2
=2659 cm^2 x 10^-4 m^2/ 1cm^6
=0.265900 m^2

=0.2659 m^2

39
Q

Units Raised to a Power: Multistep conversion.

Average annual per person crude oil consumption in the United States is 15,615 dm^3. What is this value in cubic inches?

A

dm3 - m3 - cm3 - in3

= 9.5289 x10^5 in^3

40
Q

Formula for Density?

A 
d= m/V 
Density = Mass/Volume
41
Q

Density as a Conversion Factor: (ex-2.15)

The gasoline in an automobile gas tank has a mass of 60.0 kg and a density of 0.752g/cm^3. What is the volume in cm^3

A

Kg - g - cm^3

=7.98 x 10^4 cm^3

42
Q

Density as a Conversion Factor: (skill builder plus)

A steel cylinder has a volume of 246 cm^3 and a density of 7.93g/cm^3. What is the mass in kg?

A

1.95 kg

43
Q

Unit Conversion: (Ex.2.16)
A 23.5 kg sample of ethanol is needed for a large-scale reaction. What volume in liters of ethanol should be used ? The density of ethanol is 0.789g/cm^3

A

= 29.7845 L

= 29.8 L

44
Q

What do prefix multipliers do?

A

Multipliers change the value of a unit by Powers of 10.

45
Q

Calculating Density:

A sample of liquid has a volume of 22.5 mL and a mass of 27.2 g. Find its density with the equation d = m/V

A

= 27.2 g/ 22.5 mL

= 1.21 g/mL

46
Q

Why are the number of digits reported in scientific measurements important?

A

They reflect the precision of instrument used>

47
Q

What zeros count as significant digits and which do not?

A

Zeros that are significant:

(1) NonZero digits.
(2) Interior Zeros.
(3) Trailing Zeros after a decimal point.
(4) Trailing Zeros before a decimal point but after a nonzero number.

Zeros that should NOT be counted as significant:
Leading Zeros- (zeros at the end of a number, but before a decimal point.)

48
Q

(1) How many significant digits are there in exact numbers? (2 )What kinds of numbers are exact?

A

(1) Exact numbers have an unlimited number of sig. figs
(2) -Exact counting of discrete objects (ex. 3 atoms means 3.00000…atoms)
- Defined quantities (ex. Number of cm in 1 m because 100cm is defined as 1 m)
- Integral Numbers that are part of an equation. (ex. radius = diameter/2. The number 2 is exact and therefore has an unlimited number of sig. figs)

49
Q

What limits the number of sig. figs. in a calculation involving only multiplication and division?

A

The factor with the least number of sig. figs.

50
Q

What limits the number of sig. figs. in a calculation involving only addition and subtraction?

A

The quantity carrying the least number of decimal places

51
Q

Why are units important in calculations?

A

Units are critical because they provide meaning to numbers and help determine correctness.

52
Q

How are units treated in a calculations?

A

Units are treated as algebraic quantities, able to to divided and multiplied.

53
Q

Why is the fundamental value of a quantity not changed when the quantity is multiplied by a conversion factor?

A

Because conversion factors are constructed from two quantities known to be equivalent.

54
Q

Express in decimal notation:

36,756,000 (population of California)

A

3.6756 x 10^7

55
Q

(29) What is density? Explain why density can work as a conversion factor. Between what quantities does it convert?

A

Density of a substance is the ratio its mass to its volume.
Density works as a conversion factor because it relates two separate units.
Density is a conversion factor between mass and volume.

56
Q

(33) Express in scientific notation:

0. 000000000007461 m (length of a hydrogen- Hydrogen chemical bond)

A

7.461 x 10^7

57
Q

(35) Express in decimal notation:

2. 99 x 10^8 m/s (speed of light)

A

299,000,000 m/s

58
Q

(45) How many significant figures are in the measured quantity? [a] .001125m

A

4 sig.figs.

59
Q

(45) How many significant figures are in the measured quantity? [b]

A

4 sig. figs.

60
Q

(61) Perform calculation to correct number of sig. figs. [a]

87. 6 + 9.888 + 2.3 +10.77=

A

110.6

61
Q

(71) Convert 5.88 dL to liters. [a]

A

0.588 L

62
Q

(73) Convert 22.5 in to centimeters. [a]

A

57.2 cm

63
Q

(99) Gold tooth crown is tested to determine its density. It displaces 10.7 mL of water and has a mass of 206g. Could the crown be made of gold?

A

yes the density is 19.3 g/cm^3

Density of gold is 19.3 g/cm^3

64
Q

A runner wants to run 10.0 km. She knows that her running pace is 7.5 mi/h. How many minutes must she run? Hint: Use 7.5 mi/h as a conversion factor between distance and time.

A

5.0 x 10^1

65
Q

The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm^3. What is its density in kg per cubic meter?

A

2.7 x 10^3 kg/m^3

66
Q

A typical backyard swimming pool holds 150 yd^3 of water. What is the mass in pounds of the water?

A

2.5 x 10^5 lbs

67
Q

A car has a mileage rating of 38 miles per gallon of gasoline. How many miles can the car travel on 76. 5 liters of gasoline?

A

768 mi

68
Q

(121) In 1999, NASA lost a $ 94 million orbiter because one group of engineers used metric units in their calculations while another group used English units. The orbiter descended to far into the Martian atmosphere and burned up. Suppose that the orbiter was to have established orbit at 155 km and that one group of engineers specified this distance as 1.55 x 10^5 m. A second group of engineers programmed the orbiter to go to 1.55 x 10^ 5 ft. What was the difference in kilometers between the two altitudes? How low did the probe go?

A

(1) 108 km

(2) 47.2 km

69
Q

Conceptual checkpoint : 2.2
A researcher reports that the spirit rover on the surface of Mars recently measured the temperature to be -25.49 degrees Fahrenheit. What is the actual temperature?

A

(b) between -25.48 F and -25.50 F

70
Q

Example 2.17 Unit Conversion with equation:
A 55.9 kg person displaces 57.2L of water when submerged in a water tank. What is the density of the person in grams per cubic centimeter?

A

Given: m= 55.9 kg, V =57.2 L
Find: Density in g/cm^3
Relationship Used? d = m/V
Convert Mass from Kilograms to grams.
m = 55.9 kg x 1000g/1 kg = 5.59 x 10^4 g
Convert volume from liters to cubic centimeters
V = 57.2 L x 1000mL/ 1L x 1cm^3/1 mL = 57.2 x 10^3 cm^3

Compute Density: d = m/V = 55.9 x 10^3/ 57.2 x 10^3 cm^3
= 0.9772727 g/cm^3
= 0.977 g/cm^3

Chem 101 (19 decks)

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