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1 lipid classification Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the classes of lipids? what are their defining characteristics?

A
  • simple lipids: FAs esterified to an alcohol
  • compound lipids: conjugated to a non-lipid moiety
  • derived lipids: derived from simple/compound classes
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2
Q

Name examples for each lipid class

A
  • simple lipids: fats, waxes
  • compound lipids: phospholipids, glycolipids. lipoproteins
  • derived: fatty acids, fatty alcohols, hydrocarbons
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3
Q

name examples for fats and waxes

A

fats: TGs, edible fats/oils
waxes: fatty alcohol esters, jojoba, cholesterol, vitamin A/retinol, vitamin A ester (wax)

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4
Q

name an example of a phospholipid (hint: eggs)

A

lecithin

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5
Q

define a fat

A
  • 3 fatty acid (aliphatic) R groups esterified to glycerol.
  • aka: triacylglycerol or triglyceride (TG)
  • account for >90% of lipids
  • oil = lower melting point, liquid at room temp
  • fat = higher melting point, solid at room temp
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6
Q

would a pure sample of fat have a wider or narrower range of temperatures over which it melts?

A

narrower.

pure fats will appear to have an inflection point when graphed

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7
Q

define a wax

A
  • fatty acids esterified to a simple alcohol OTHER than glycerol
  • often used as sealing or polishing agents
  • found in jojoba as linear monounsaturated FAs esterified to fatty alcohol
  • not readily digested; potential fat substitute
  • biologically active
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8
Q

define a compound lipid

A
  • simple lipid conjugated to a non-lipid molecule
  • includes phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, and lipoproteins
  • can make good emulsifiers (esp phospholipids)
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9
Q

what are the 3 common classes of phospholipid?

A
  • lecithins
  • cephalins
  • phosphatidyl inositol
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10
Q

define a phospholipid

A

a TG with one of the FAs replaced with phosphoric acid, which is commonly conjugated to a nitrogenous base

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11
Q

name the classes of phospholipids

A
  • lecithins (phosphatidyl choline): CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

-

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12
Q

what’s a lipid?

A

substance that is insoluble in water/soluble in non-polar solvents

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13
Q

what class of lipids are fatty acids?

A

derived lipids

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14
Q

what class of lipids are cholesterols?

A

simple (wax - FA esterified to a COMPLEX alcohol)

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15
Q

what class of lipid are glycolipids?

A

compound

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16
Q

what class of lipid are lipoproteins?

A

compound

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17
Q

what class of lipid are fatty alcohols?

A

derived

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18
Q

what class of lipid are vitamin A esters/retinol?

A

simple

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19
Q

what kind of REACTION connects a fatty acid to glycerol?

A

condensation

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20
Q

what kind of LINKAGE connects a fatty acid to glycerol?

A

ester linkage

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21
Q

where do you find TGs?

A

animals: fat cells. Plants: seeds

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22
Q

what differentiates fats from oils?

A

melting point, which is predominantly determined by their degree of unsaturation

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23
Q

what constitutes a simple acyl glycerol?

A

if all the FAs are the same length

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24
Q

what constitutes a complex acylglycerol?

A

if all the FAs are different lengths/saturation

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25
Q

what function do TGs serve?

A

long-term energy storage/slow delivery, light energy source

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26
Q

what happens to TGs in the intestine?

A

they get hydrolyzed to free fatty acids by lipases

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27
Q

what happens to TGs if they are hydrolyzed by a strong base?

A

you get fatty acid salts and glycerol. It’s soap time babeyyy

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28
Q

what’s the difference between acyl-glycerols and waxes?

A

waxes don’t contain glycerol

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29
Q

Which generally have higher melting points? TGs or waxes?

A

waxes

30
Q

what kind of bond links the alcohol with the fatty acid?

A

ester

31
Q

what kind of reaction links a fatty acid to an alcohol to make a wax?

A

condensation

32
Q

what non-lipid moiety is present on a phospholipid?

A

phosphoric acid

33
Q

In phospholipids, what kind of moiety is X?

A

nitrogenous base

34
Q

nitrogenous base

A

phosphatidic acid

35
Q

respectively, what degree of saturation do the FAs have on the sn1 and sn2 positions of a phospholipid?

A

saturated, unsaturated

36
Q

what is phosphatidic acid’s charge at pH 7?

A

negative

37
Q

what kind of linkage connects the head group to the glycerol?

A

phosphodiester linkage

38
Q

What is X for phosphatidylethanolamine?

A

O-CH2CH2-NH2

39
Q

What is X for phosphatidylcholine?

A

O-CH2CH2-N(CH2)3

40
Q

what is the net charge of phosphatidylcholine?

A

0

41
Q

What is X for phosphatidylserine?

A

O-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH

42
Q

what is X for phosphatidylinositol?

A

inositol lol. Gotta memorize what that looks like (hexagon with a bunch of OH)

43
Q

phospholipids comprise of what percentage of the lipids found in food systems?

A

<5%

44
Q

Are phospholipids soluble in polar or nonpolar solutions?

A

both. They’re amphiphilic.

45
Q

what are lecithins?

A

emulsifiers; phosphatidylcholines

46
Q

what are cephalins?

A

phsophatidylethanolamines

47
Q

what is X for phosphatidyl glycerol? Where do you find this?

A

glycerol; green plants esp chloroplasts

48
Q

what is cardiolipin?

A

found in beef heart, plant lipid, and bacterial mitochondrial membranes; diphosphatidyl glycerol

49
Q

what’s plasmalogen?

A

looks like ethanolamine but with NH3+

50
Q

what are the components of a sphingolipid?

A

sphingosine backbone, fatty acid residue, and head group

51
Q

what degree of saturation is usually present on sphingolipids?

A

saturated

52
Q

Specify what X is for each of the following sphingolipids: ceramide, sphingomyelin, glucosylcerebroside, ganglioside

A

ceramide=H
sphingomyelin=O-CH2CH2-N(CH3)3 aka phosphocholine
glucosylcerebroside=glucose
ganglioside=complex oligosaccharide

53
Q

where are glyco and sphingolipids found?

A

membrane in plants and animals

54
Q

what’s a lipoprotein?

A

lipid-protein complex

55
Q

what’s the function of lipoproteins?

A

circulates in blood to carry lipids for metabolism and storage

56
Q

expand the abbreviations HDL and LDL

A

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein

57
Q

HDL vs LDL: which of these is the “good” cholesterol and why?

A

HDL; carries cholesterol away from vessel walls

58
Q

what’s the function of LDL?

A

distributes substances vital to body functions

59
Q

describe the structure of fatty acid

A

short of long aliphatic chain with a carboxyl group at the end

60
Q

what function do short chain FAs serve? (C4, C6, C8)

A

flavor compounds. Can be good or bad.

61
Q

what function do long chain FAs serve?

A

in the presence of mineral salts, tastes soapy

62
Q

what function do short chain alcohols serve?

A

flavor compounds

63
Q

what function do more complex derived FAs serve?

A

biologically active in the body (ex: cholesterols)

64
Q

what are terpenes?

A

derived lipid that makes certain oils fragrant.

65
Q

which terpenes are most commonly found in essential oils?

A

mono, sesqui

66
Q

how many isoprene units are there on monoterpenes? How many carbons?

A

2; 10

67
Q

how many isoprene units are there on sesquiterpenes?

A

3; 15

68
Q

how much energy is given by 1 g of lipid?

A

37 kJ or 9 cal

69
Q

what types of lipids are we most interested in for food systems?

A

FATS (simple) and PHOSPHOLIPIDS (compound)

70
Q

what roles does fat play in our diet?

A
  • contributes fat soluble vitamins
  • lubricant for food
  • satiety/fullness
  • heat transfer agent
  • shortening in baking
  • emulsifiers (mono/diglycerides, phospholipids)
71
Q

what are emulsifiers? what happens when something’s emulsified?

A
  • substances that stabilizes/reduces interfacial surface tension between hydrophobic/philic components
  • increased viscosity, opaqueness; masked fatty sensation

food chem 1 (12 decks)

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