1. LECTURE: Introduction to protozoa and protozoology (Apicomplexan)

Question 1

'’proto-zoa’’ means?

Answer 1

first animal

Question 2

eukaryota, single cell? size?

Answer 2

-yes to both
-size 1-150 micrometer

Question 3

cell wall, cell membrane?

Answer 3

-no cell wall
- yes cell membrane

Question 4

what does mean heterotrophes?

Answer 4

• feed from organic compounds
  -pinocytosis, phagocytosis, mouth (cystome)

Question 5

movement? (4 parts)

Answer 5

motility through :
1. flagella and undulating membrane=genus Trypanosoma
2. cilia = genus Balantidium
3. amoebic = amoeboid motility through flowing cytoplasm in pseudopodia = genus Entamoeba
4. alveolata/TSAR/Apicomplexa = no obvious structure for motility, but motility by gliding = Apicomplexa = genus Eimeria

Question 6

how many species?

Answer 6

more than 50 000 > mostly free-living species

Question 7

protozoa life forms?

Answer 7

1. zoite (yksi muotovaihe-kun siirrytään isäntäorganismiin) = trophozoite, sporozoite, merozoite, bradyzoite, tachyzoite > moving, infective, invasive, feeding, reproducing
   &raquo_space; ‘‘-ont’’ = ‘‘bag’’ of zoites- meront (or schizont)=toinen muotovaihe isäntäsolussa sisällä, joka jakautuu, -gamont=muotovaihe joka erikoistunut sukupuoliseen lisääntymiseen; intracellular
2. cyst (oocyst) = resting, non-motile, stable

Question 8

protozoa life cycle (5)

Answer 8

-monoxenous or heteroxenous (multiple hosts in life cycle) > heteroxenous life cycle arthropod vectors often as second hosts, or birds, mammals.
-asexual reproduction-many possible variations
-sexual reproduction-gametogony
-metagenesis-sexual and asexual reproduction
-sporogony=sporulation- asexual reproduction

Question 9

protozoa reproduction-asexual (3)

Answer 9

1. binary (longitudinal) fission = 2 daughter cells from 1 cell, typical for flagellated parasites (eg. Trypanosoma spp.)
2. A. Endodyogeny (A) = 2 daughter cells created inside mother cell, characteristic to sporozoa (eg. Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis)
3. B. multiple fission - Schizogeny/merogony (B) = *schizont/meront->merozoites >multiple mitosis and cytokinesis, multiple daughter cells > last division is meiotic-gametocyte > micro-and macrogametocyte (eg. Eimeria, Plasmodium and Theileria)

C. endopolygeny as seen in schizonts of Sarcocystis.

Question 10

protozoa reproduction - sexual

Answer 10

=gametogony
-fertilization of gametes:
1. macrogamete-female gamete
2. microgamete-male gamete
Fertilization - development of zygote, oocyst

-sexual conjugation=changing genetic materials of nucleus

Question 11

protozoa reproduction - sporogony

Answer 11

sporogony=sporulation
-production of sporozoites inside an oocyst
-sporozoites are inside sporocyst
-outside in environment

Question 12

metagenesis?

Answer 12

alteration between sexual and asexual reproduction (eg. Eimeria spp.)

Question 13

asexual reproduction?

Answer 13

-sporogony
-merogony

Question 14

sexual reproduction?

Answer 14

-gametogony

Question 15

functional unit ?

Answer 15

ZOITE

Question 16

higher group?

Answer 16

Excavata (flagellate)

Question 17

excavate-what asexual reproduction?

Answer 17

binary fission

Question 18

excavata - cysts? moving? important orders? (3)

Answer 18

-some produce cysts
-flagella and undulating membrane for moving
-kinetoplast (mitochondrial DNA) binding flagella

Important orders:
-Trypanosomatida
-Diplomonadida
-Trichomonadida

Question 19

higher group TSAR-
Phylum Apicomplexa = sporozoa
-life cycle?
-what type of parasites?
-important orders? (3)

Answer 19

-life cycle complex= metagenesis : sexual and sexual multiplication, -sporogony-produce oocysts

-mostly intracellular parasites: apical complex helps to get in cell

-important orders:
1. cryptosporidia
2. eimeriida
3. piroplasmida

Question 20

phylogenetic tree of Apicomplexa (4)

Answer 20

1. gregarines
2. cryptosporidia
3. hematozoa
4. coccidia

Question 21

morphology of Apicomplexa?

Answer 21

A)-apical complex
-cytoskeleton, inner membrane complex and alveolin network
-conoid complex
-secretory organelles
B)-nonprotruded conoid
-protruded conoid

Question 22

apicomplexa cell invasion scheme?

Answer 22

cell membrane > cell plasma > parasitophoroous vacuole

Question 23

Eimeriosis; coccidiosis, isosporosis, cystoisosporosis
-class?
-family?
-genera?

Answer 23

-class: Coccidea
-family: Eimeriidae
-genera: Eimeria ja Isospora / Cystoisospora

Question 24

eimeriosis-disease caused by

Answer 24

Eimeria spp.

Question 25

coccidiosis-disease caused by

Answer 25

Eimeria ja Isospora