1. Introduction to Web Programming Flashcards
____ was an early way for transferring files over the internet.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
A web ____ is a program that serves web pages to web browsers.
server
What does HTML stand for?
HyperText Markup Language
The ____ refers to the interconnection of computers communicating using a set of rules. The ____ is just one particular use of the previous entity.
internet, web
A web ____ is a program that downloads an HTML document from a web server, displays the document to the user with the appropriate formatting, and allows the user to interact with the document.
browser
Which browser won the first browser war (1995–2002)?
Internet Explorer
Which browser won the second browser war (2004–2013)?
Chrome
The ____ is the international standards organization that traditionally has controlled a number of web standards, including HTML
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
What was the final HTML standard released by W3C?
HTML5
In 2019, the W3C relinquished HTML standards publishing to the ____, an organization that develops a variety of web standards and whose members include the major browser vendors.
Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG)
WHATWG produces the HTML ___, a continually evolving standard without version numbers that replaces HTML5.
Living Standard
____ defines the content and structure of a web page
HTML
____ specifies the layout and visible appearance of a web page
CSS
____ describes the dynamic behaviors and actions of a webpage
JavaScript
An internet ____ contains To and From IP addresses, the information to communicate, and other configuration information
packet
A(n) ____ is a computer’s unique address on the internet (like a house’s unique address in the world), usually represented numerically like 198.51.100.7
IP address
The original Internet Protocol, known as ____, has 32-bit addresses. A new version of the Internet Protocol, ____, uses 128-bit addresses.
IPv4, IPv6
A(n) ____ converts a domain name to an IP address.
DNS server
Thirteen main DNS servers (called ____ servers) exist in the world, and a computer’s operating system or an ISP keeps a reference to these servers’ IP addresses
root
Anyone may register an unused domain name with a domain name ____
registrar
A domain name belongs to numerous ____ domains, such as .com, .net, .org, etc.
top-level
A ____ domain is typically a company or organization’s name, such as “wikipedia” in “wikipedia.com”
second-level
A ____, which stands for ____ is the location of a web resource on the web, such as http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm
URL, Uniform Resource Locator
A ____ is any retrievable item, like an HTML file, image, video, CSS stylesheet, etc.
web resource
The characters at the beginning of a URL, followed by a colon (e.g., “http”), are called the ____
scheme
The complete domain name following the scheme is called the ____.
hostname
The characters to the right of the hostname (e.g., “/dashboard”) in a URL are called the ____
path
The ____ in a URL is the optional characters to the right of the question mark (?) in a URL that provide data for the web server
query string
The ____ in a URL is the optional characters at the end of a URL that start with a hash character (#) and refer to a certain location within a webpage.
fragment
A ____ status code returned by a server means that a particular page has not been found
404
____ is the general name for a once valid link that now returns a 404 status code.
Linkrot
The ____ is a networking protocol that runs over TCP/IP and governs communication between web browsers and web servers.
HyperText Transfer Protocol
____ is a protocol suite that governs how data packets are transferred over the internet from one machine to another.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Before HTTP communication begins, the web browser extracts the domain name from the URL being accessed and performs a ____. The web browser does this by sending the domain name to the local DNS and getting back the IP address of the web server hosting the domain name.
DNS lookup
The browser uses the IP address received from the local DNS to establish a ____ connection with the web server and begins communicating with HTTP.
TCP
What are the four parts that an HTTP request and response are comprised of?
- Start line
- Zero or more header fields
- A blank line
- Optional message body
What does the start line in an HTTP header do?
It specifies the HTTP version being used.
A header field is a ____ followed by a colon and a ____.
keyword, value
The message body in an HTTP request/response contains ____ being transferred between a web browser and web server.
data
When the media type is specified in the HTTP response, it is specified as a(n) ____ type, which includes a type (category) and a subtype (specific type), separated by a slash (e.g., “text/html”)
MIME
What are six common HTTP request methods?
GET
HEAD
POST
PATCH
PUT
DELETE
Which status code is sent when the web server wants to redirect the browser to a different URL?
301 or 302
Which status code is sent when the requested URL does not point to an existing resource on the web server?
404
Which status code is sent when the web browser is denied permission to the requested URL?
403
Which status code indicates that the HTTP request was successful?
200
Which status code represents an internal server error?
500
A(n) ____ is an area on the computer’s file system where web content can be stored by the web browser for quick retrieval later.
browser cache
A(n) ____ is an identifier for a specific version of a web resource.
entity tag (Etag)
____ is an HTTP request header used with the Last-Modified date/time to request the web server only send the requested resource if the resource has changed since the specified date/time.
If-Modified-Since
____ is an HTTP request header that contains a date/time indicating when the requested resource is considered “stale”
Expires
The ____ header is an HTTP request header that is used to specify a number of caching directives
Cache-Control
A ____ is software that monitors network traffic and allows users to inspect HTTP requests and responses.
network sniffer
____ encrypts HTTP traffic between a browser and web server so a network sniffer cannot intercept sensitive information in the HTTP traffic like passwords, credit card numbers, financial transactions, etc
HTTPS
HTTPS uses a protocol called ____, which uses asymmetric public keys to encrypt data between the browser and web server
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
A website wanting to use HTTPS must acquire a ____, issued by a trusted authority, that contains a public key used by TLS to encrypt data
digital certificate
Web browsers often use ____ to aid in caching web resources. These serve as an identifier for a specific version of a web resource
Entity tags (ETags)
____ are visual clues that guide the user in figuring out how to use an app. These are harder to implement for mobile apps.
Affordances
The ____ is the global collection of communicating devices that sense and control technology on behalf of humans
Internet of Things (IoT)
____ is the use of artificial intelligence techniques and access to vast amounts of data to simulate human problem solving in complex situations with ambiguity, changing data, and even conflicting information.
Cognitive computing
____ is the design principle of breaking up web content using distinct languages and documents that overlap as little as possible
Separation of concerns
A(n) HTML ____ is a single HTML structure that is represented with HTML tags
element
A(n) ____ has a descriptive name surrounded by < and > characters that the web browser uses to display content
tag
A(n) ____ has a descriptive name surrounded by < and > characters that the web browser uses to display content
element
A link is created with a(n) ____ element.
anchor
____ is a textual language for describing how a webpage is styled for visual presentation.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
A CSS ____ specifies styling properties for specific HTML elements.
rule
