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18. Nervous System > 1. Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

1. Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the brain at the gross level?

A

Cerebrum, thalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, basal ganglia.

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2
Q

What is the composition of the cerebrum?

A

Two cerebral hemispheres, each made of four lobes, separated by falx cerebri within the longitudinal cerebral fissure.

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3
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

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4
Q

What is the position of the frontal lobe?

A

Anterior to central sulcus, extends inferiorly to the lateral sulcus and medially extends to corpus callosum.

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5
Q

What is the more prominent structure of the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral gyrus - important role in motor function.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Perceive and process somatsensory events.

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7
Q

What is the position of the parietal lobe?

A

Extends posteriorly from central sulcus to parieto-occipital sulcus.

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8
Q

What is the important content of the parietal lobe?

A

Postcentral gyrus which acts as primary receiving area of somatosensory information from periphery.

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9
Q

What are the two sections of the parietal lobe?

A

Supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus, separated by interparietal sulus.

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10
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area and what does it do?

A

In ventral aspect of supramarginal and angular gyri and is for comprehension of spoken language.

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11
Q

What is the temporal lobe separated via?

A

Transverse lateral sulcus.

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12
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

Perception of auditory signals.

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13
Q

What are the gyri of the temporal lobe?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior.

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14
Q

How is the occipital lobe separated from the parietal and temporal lobes?

A

By the parieto-occipital sulcus.

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15
Q

What does the thalamus form?

A

Central core of the brain.

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16
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

Relaying and integrating information to different regions of cerebral cortex from variety of structures associated with sensory, motor, autonomic, and emotional processes.

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17
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Ventral and anterior to the thalamus. Links to pituitary gland at base of brain.

18
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulation of visceral functions - temperature, endocrine function, feeding, drinking, emotional states, and sexual behaviour.

19
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Integration, regulation, and co-ordination of motor processes.

20
Q

What is the composition of the cerebellum?

A

Two symmetrical hemispheres continuous by a midline structure (vermis). Hemispheres have anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes.

21
Q

What forms the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, medullar oblongata, and the pons.

22
Q

What is the role of the midbrain?

A

Relaying information for vision and hearing.

23
Q

Where is the midbrain?

A

Caudal to pons and raustral to diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus etc).

24
Q

What is the midbrain composed of?

A

Tectum (superior and inferior colliculi) and cerebral peduncle.

25
Q

Where is the pons?

A

Caudal to the medulla, rostral to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum.

26
Q

What does the pons contain?

A

Tracts passing through it, numerous nuclei for sleep, respiration, bladder control, etc.

27
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls autonomic function (respiration, cardiac centre, baroreceptors, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing) and connects higher levels of brain to spinal cord.

28
Q

Where is the medullar oblongata?

A

Rostral to pons.

29
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the brainstem? (Say origin of each).

A

CN III and IV from midbrain. CN V, VI, and VII from pons. CN VIII, IX, X, and XII from medulla.

30
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Regulation and integration of motor functions.

31
Q

Where does the spinal cord run from and to?

A

As a continuation of the brainstem from the medulla, to L2 level, where it tapers.

32
Q

What are the two enlarged regions of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical enlargement from C4-T1 segments. Sacral enlargement from T11-S1 segments.

33
Q

Considering development, why does the spinal cord not occupy the full length of the vertebral canal?

A

Originally it does as embryos so spinal nerves pass out laterally to exit corresponding IV foramina. VC then grows faster than SC in foetal period so SC appears to ascend meaning at birth, the tip of the conus medullaris is at L4/5 and ascends to L2 in adults.

34
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The group of nerve roots running in the lumbar cistern.

35
Q

What is the filum terminlae?

A

Remnant of the caudal part of the spinal cord of the embryo, descends amongst the cauda equina.

36
Q

Where does the filum terminlae attach?

A

To the dorsum of the coccyx.

37
Q

What is the role of the filum terminlae?

A

Anchors inferior end of the spinal cord and spinal meninges.

38
Q

What does cauda equina syndrome result from?

A

Dysfunction to the lumbar and sacral nerve roots in lumbar vertebral canal, affecting the cauda equina.

39
Q

How does cauda equina syndrome present?

A

Dysfunction of the bladder, bowel, or sexual function, and sensory changes in saddle or perianal area, as well as potential back pain, sensory changes or numbness in lower limbs, lower limb weakness, reduction or loss of reflexes in lower limbs or unilateral or bilateral symptoms.

40
Q

What can cause cauda equina syndrome?

A

Large central IV disc herniation at L4/5 or L5/S1 commonly. Or from tumours, direct trauma, spinal stenosis, or inflammatory disease.

41
Q

What is the result of leaving cauda equina syndrome untreated?

A

Patients left incontinent, motor function affected, and other complications.

42
Q

How is cauda equina syndrome treated?

A

By treatment of underlying cause.

18. Nervous System (17 decks)

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