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Pharmacology and Therapeutics > 1. Introduction to the ANS > Flashcards

1. Introduction to the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Which ANS limb dominates the lungs and why?

A
  • Parasympathetic
  • Partial level of constriction
  • Can therefore constrict or dilate further when needed
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2
Q

Which ANS limb dominates the eyes and why?

A
  • Parasympathetic
  • Smooth muscle partially constricted
  • Change in both directions when needed
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3
Q

Why ANS limb slows the heart down and how?

A
  • Parasympathetic
  • These nerves activate inhibitory neurone
  • Heart slows down
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4
Q

Which ANS limbs can act on the heart and arterioles?

A
  • Heart - both

* Arterioles - only sympathetic

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5
Q

Why ANS limb are baroreceptors stimulatory/inhibitory to and why?

A
  • Stimulatory - parasympathetic
  • Inhibitory - sympathetic
  • Baroreceptor firing activates parasympathetic limb
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6
Q

Why ANS limb dominates the heart at rest?

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Why are sympathetic responses ‘coordinated’ and ‘divergent’ and how can parasympathetic responses be described in comparison?

A
  • All post-ganglionic neurones project out from the sympathetic trunk (in the sympathetic limb)
  • Parasympathetic are more ‘discrete’ and ‘localised’
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8
Q

How are somatic motor neurones different to autonomic?

A
  • Just one motor neurone
  • Innervating a muscle
  • Only releasing ACh
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9
Q

Where can nicotinic receptors be found?

A

All autonomic ganglia (between pre and post-ganglionic - therefore very fast)

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10
Q

What type of receptor is a nicotinic receptor and how does it work?

A
  • Ion channel linked
  • Ionotropic - Type 1
  • ACH binds and opens an ion channel
  • Sodium/calcium influx - allows transmission
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11
Q

Where can muscarinic receptors be found?

A
  • Innervated by post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres

* Sweat glands are the odd one - sympathetic but releases ACh

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12
Q

What type of receptor is a muscarinic receptor?

A

Type 2 - G-protein coupled (slow)

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13
Q

What effect would a blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have on heart rate at rest?

A
  • Parasympathetic dominates

* Therefore blockade would increase heart rate

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14
Q

What effect would a blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have on heart rate during exercise?

A
  • Sympathetic dominates

* Therefore blockade would decrease heart rate

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15
Q

What changes occur in the lungs, sweat production, gut (motility), urinary frequency and sightedness, after the blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at rest?

A

Reduced parasympathetic effects so…
• Lungs: bronchoconstricted => bronchodilated
• Sweat: (parasympathetic predominates but not involved in this) => reduced sweat
• Gut: increased motility => constipation
• Urinary frequency: Increased => decreased
• Sightedness: short => long-sightedness

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16
Q

Describe the 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptor?

A
  • M1 - Neural (forebrain - learning and memory)
  • M2 - Cardiac (brain - inhibitory auto-receptors)
  • M3 - Exocrine and Smooth Muscle (hypothalamus - food intake)
  • M4 - Periphery: prejunctional nerve endings (inhibitory)
  • M5 - Striatal dopamine release
17
Q

Where (in which limb) are adrenoceptors predominantly found?

A

End of sympathetic limb

18
Q

With reference to adrenoceptor subtypes, how does the sympathetic nervous system control vasculature by itself?

A
  • Alpha 1 - constricts

* Beta 2 - dilates

19
Q

What type of receptor are adrenoceptors?

A

• G-protein coupled

20
Q

What stimulates the adrenoceptors?

A
  • Noradrenaline

* Circulating adrenaline from adrenal medulla

21
Q

The blockade of which of the following receptor sub-types would induce both an increased heart rate and reduction in sweat production during exercise?

  • Muscarinic
  • Each of the 4 adrenoceptors
A

• Muscarinic

22
Q

Describe the synthesis (and breakdown) of ACh

A
  • Acetyl CoA + Choline => ACh + CoA [choline acetyltransferase]
  • ACh packaged into vesicles
  • Action potential triggers calcium influx
  • ACh released and acts on receptor
  • Acetylcholinesterase can convert ACh to Choline + Acetate
23
Q

Describe the synthesis of NA

A
  • Tyrosine taken up
  • Tyrosine => DOPA [tyrosine hydroxylase]
  • DOPA => Dopamine [DOPA decarboxylase]
  • Dopamine packaged into vesicles
  • Dopamine => NA [dopamine beta hydroxylase]
  • Action potential triggers calcium influx
  • NA released and acts on adrenoceptor
24
Q

Describe the breakdown of NA

A
  • Uptake 1 - back into neuronal tissue and broken down by MAO (Monoamine Oxidase)
  • Uptake 2 - into extra-neuronal tissue and broken down by COMT (Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase)
25
Q

The blockade of which of the following targets would cause the most significant rise in synaptic noradrenaline concentrations?
• Tyrosine hydroxylase
• Uptake 1 transport protein
• Monoamine Oxidase

A

• Uptake 1 transport protein

  • Blocking tyrosine hydroxylase reduces NA
  • Blocking MAO increases NA
  • Blocking of uptake 1 transport protein causes more significant rise

Pharmacology and Therapeutics (33 decks)

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