1: introduction to physiology and homeostasis

Question 1

mechanistic theory of physiology

Answer 1

answers the “how” questions in physiology

Question 2

teleological approach to physiology

Answer 2

answers the “why” questions of physiology

Question 3

muscle tissue

Answer 3

consists of cells specialized for contracting

Question 4

nervous tissue

Answer 4

consists of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses

Question 5

epithelial tissue

Answer 5

consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment

Question 6

exocrine glands

Answer 6

secrete through ducts to the outside of the body

Question 7

endocrine glands

Answer 7

lack ducts and release their products into the blood

Question 8

connective tissue

Answer 8

distinguished by having relatively few cells with an abundance of extra cellular matrix. this tissue supports and anchors various body parts.

Question 9

homeostasis

Answer 9

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

Question 10

intercellular fluid

Answer 10

fluid contained within the body’s cells

Question 11

extracellular fluid

Answer 11

the internal environment of the body. made up of plasma and interstitial fluid.

Question 12

homeostatically regulated factors (7)

Answer 12

concentration of nutrients
concentration of O2 and CO2
concentration of waste
pH
concentrations of water/salt/electrolytes
volume and pressure
temperature

Question 13

the circulatory system

Answer 13

transports materials like nutrients, O2 and CO2

Question 14

the digestive system

Answer 14

breaks down food into molecules that can be absorbed into the plasma for distribution to the body cells

Question 15

the respiratory system

Answer 15

gets O2 and eliminates CO2 to the external environments

Question 16

the urinary system

Answer 16

removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from the plasma and eliminates them in the urine

Question 17

the skeletal system

Answer 17

provides support and protection for the soft tissues and organs

Question 18

the muscular system

Answer 18

moves the bones to which the skeletal muscles are attached

Question 19

the integumentary system

Answer 19

serves as an outer protective barrier that prevents internal fluid from being lost and foreign microorganisms from entering

Question 20

the immune system

Answer 20

defends against foreign invaders

Question 21

the nervous system

Answer 21

controls and coordinates body activities and detects changes in the external environment

Question 22

the endocrine system

Answer 22

all hormone secreting glands, regulatory

Question 23

the reproductive system

Answer 23

not essential for homeostasis

Question 24

negative feedback

Answer 24

a change in homeostatically controlled factor triggers a response that seeks to restore the factor to normal by moving the factor in the opposite direction of its initial change

Question 25

positive feedback

Answer 25

the output enhances or amplifies a change so that the controlled variable continues to move in the direction of the initial change