1: INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY Flashcards
posses the complete set of mature highly
functional organelles similar to human cell
eukaryotic
require oxygen in order for them to grow and
survive however temporarily they are able to survive
in an environment with limited or no oxygen
facultative anaerobic/strictly aerobic
able to absorb nutrients in the form of
organic and inorganic chemicals from their
environment
chemotropic
cannot produce food via photosynthesis
achlorophyllous
structure important in absorbing sunlight in the
process of photosynthesis
chlorophyll
pH conc of fungal organisms
acidic pH 5-6
- favors fungal growth
high sugar conc.
Largest group of fungi; fruiting bodies that feast on they diseased remains of almost all organisms
Saprophytes
Found in blue cheese
Fungus penicillium
Found in beer, wine, beverages or liquor
Saccharomyces
Fermentation byproduct = makes dough rise
Carbon dioxide
Fungal organism source for penicillin
Penicillium notatum
Penicillium notatum accidentally discovered by ?
Alexander Fleming
an immunosuppressant drug which is widely used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection
Cyclosporine
Fungi involved in organ transplntation rejection
Tolypocladium inflatium
Causes blights on leaves, rusts on plants, black spots in mangoes
Phytopathogen
cause different types of disease such as mycosis, toxicosis, and allergies; Seen in skin
Mycoses
Morphologic classification of fungi
Yeast
Mold
Dimorphic
6 Fungal characteristics
Eukaryotic
Facultative aerobic/strict aerobic
Chemotropic
Achlorophyllous
pH 5-6
High sugar concentration favors growth
A small group of fungal elements that are able to express themselves as both yeast and mold
Dimorphic
Yeast reproduction process
Budding
Unicellular fungi which reproduce asexually
Yeast
a type of asexual reproduction in which
daughter individual is formed from a small projection, the bud, arising on the parent body
Budding
arise as small cytoplasmic outgrowth from parents cell and then followed by division of nucleus
Yeast bud
Types of bud
Blastospore
Blastoconidia
Macroscopic: colors of yeast
Pink, orange, yellow, green
a constriction develops that would clip off the daughter cell scarring at constriction point in the surface of the mother cell; hyphal-like structure
Pseudohyphae
Monomorphic yeast: 48-72 hours of colony cultivation
Candida albicans
Fastidious type of candida; an actual negative staining
Cryptococcus neoformans
Monomorphic yeast
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Geotrichum candidum
Multicellular fungal elements
Mold
Basic structure of mold ; Produced from germination of spores
Hypha (2-10 um)
From branching of many hyphae
Mycelia
2 types of mycelia
Vegetative/Thallus
Reproductive/Aerial
mycelium that is submerged or
embedded on the culture media
Vegetative/Thallus
MICROSCOPIC DETAILS OF MOLDS
EXISTENCE OF SEPTA
HYPHAL PIGMENTATION
HYPHAL SHAPES
possesses hyphae
Septate hyphae
do not have cross walls
Coenocytic hyphae
dark and pigmented hyphae
Dematiaceous hyphae
non-pigmented hyphae
Hyaline hyphae
5 Hyphal shapes
Spiral hyphae
Pectinate body
Flavic Chandelier (Antler hyphae)
Nodular organ
Racquet hyphae
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Spiral hyphae
Microsporum audouinii
Pectinate Body
Trichopheton schoenleini
Antler hyphae
Microsporum canis
Nodular organ
Epidermophyton floccosum
Racquet hyphae
enlargement in the mycelium that consist of closely twisted hyphae
Nodular organ
swollen part of one hyphae and on the other part the hyphae is tapering
Racquet hyphae
3 TYPES OF HYPHAE IN MEDICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI
Coenocytic
Dematiaceous fungi
Hyaline molds
Monomorphic Mold
MET
Microsporum
Epidermophyton
Trichophyton
DIMORPHIC FUNGI: Mold form
25C-30C
DIMORPHIC FUNGI: Yeast form
35C-37C
Group of pathogenic fungi that are able to express themselves as yeast and mold
Thermal dimorphism
Dimorphic fungi: subcutaneous
Sporothrix schenkii
Dimorphic fungii: opportunistic
Penicillium marneffei
Function of capsule
Antiphagocytic factor
functions to provide shape, rigidity, and strength, as well as protection from osmotic shock and mediates attachment of the organism
Cell wall
poorly degraded by host cells. It activates complement fixation, provoke inflammatory reactions, and induce immune hypersensitivity
Polysaccharides
Polymer: Chitin; Monomer ?
N-acetyl glucosamine
Monomer: D-Glucosamine; polymer ?
Chitosan
Monomer: D-Glucose; Polymers: ?
Cellulose
a-Glucan
B-Glucan
monomer: D-Mannose; polymer ?
Mannan
functions to protect cytoplasm, to regulate intake and secretion of solutes as well as to facilitate capsule and cell wall synthesis
Cellular membrane
2 tye of phospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Cellular membrane: bilayered structure
Phospholipids
Sterols
2 types Sterols
Ergosterol
Zymosterol
Phases of Sexual Reproduction
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis
Fusion of opposite but compatible mating type producing the dikaryon
Plasmogamy
Fusion of 2 nuclei from dikaryon to form a DIPLOID nucleus that contains 2 sets of chromosomes
Karyogamy
Meiosis produces
4 haploid spores
Produced in the process of sexual reproduction
Sexual spores
Types of sexual spores
Zygospore
Ascospore
Basidiospore
Zygospore is commonly seen to be produced by
Rhizopus
Mucor
Zygospore: fusion of (-) and (+) mating type produces ?
Gametangia
Ascospore is produced in an
Ascus
Ascospore can contain ? spores per ascus
four to eight (usually eight)
Ascospore is housed in a structure called ?
Ascocarp
Formed externally on a base pedestal; Typical in mushrooms
Basidiospore
Basidiospore base pedestal is called
Basidium
Each basidium has ? Basidiospore at the end
4
Hypha multiplies by
Fragmentation
From the mycelium, a specialized hyphae will be
produced which will grow erectly and out into the
surface called
conidiaphore or sporangiophore
tip of conidiaphore or sporangiaphore is the ?; houses the spores/conidia
Sporangia
Individuals produced by ASEXUAL reproduction are genetically ? To parent
Identical
Principal structure that holds the asexual spores
Fruiting body
spore sprouts a hypha then extends and branches out to produce a meshwork called
Mycelia
SPORE DISPERSION: Most common disturbed dispersal factor
Wind
Rain
Physical dispersal
Produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore
CONIDIOSPORE/CONIDIA
process by which asexual spores are produced are called
Conidiogenesis
2 process of Conidiogenesis
Thallic Conidiogenesis
Blastic Conidiogenesis
(asexual) Spores developed by septation or fragmentation of a hypha; ALL layers of hyphal wall are involved
Thallic Conidiogenesis
Elements of the hypha become converted into conidia; The separation of the conidia from one another would be due to the breakdown of the middle region of each septum
Arthrocondia
Each fragment is rounded off and liberated in succession
Arthrocondia
Commonly seen in or produced by Candida albicans; Can be formed at the pseudohyphae (tip) or at the intercalary position (periphery)
Chlamydospore
The spore is already evident before it separates from the conidia hypha
BLASTIC CONIDIOGENESIS
Formed by budding of hypha or yeast cells; All wall layers are involved
Blastospores (HOLOBLASTIC)
spore emerges through a distinct pore in the hyphal wall; Only the inner wall of the mother cell participates in the production of the daughter cell
Porospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)
Porospores is also called ?
Tretic or Poroconidia
Usually leaves a scar at the point of detachment
Porospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)
Able to develop at the scar itself; May produce a chain of spores
Annellospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)
Ring-like scars
annellations
Forms in succession; Each spore is pushed up from the end of the conidiophore
Phialospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)
tip of the conidiophore where spores are produced
Phialide
Seen on the first spore
Cap
SPECIAL STRUCTURES FOR REPRODUCTION
Conidiophore
Sporangiophore
specialized hyphae that grows erect which are the spores or the conidiophore; tip of the conidiophore ends in a vesicle
Aspergillus sp
The end of the conidiophore branches out to form the metula
Penicillium sp.
structure where the conidia is released
Phialids
a bag or sac-like structure that encases the conidia
Sporangiophore
Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -mycetes
Class
Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -mycota
Phylum
Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -ales
Order
Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -ceae
Family
Fungal-like organisms are grouped into
Mycota
Straminipila
Slime moulds
they are parasites of algae and animals or they can live on organic debris; They are mostly saprophytic fungal elements
Chytrids
Newly established phylum of about 230 species that live in close association with the roots of trees and plants.
Glomeromycota
environmentally significant members of the fungal family that have not been associated with human infections.
Chytridiomycota
Glomeromycota
Representative fungal element or Bread Mol
Rhizopus stolonifer
sporangium fungi / common molds
Zygomycota
sac fungi; Able to undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction even buds
Ascomycota
PROCESS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(1) Hypha produces CONIDIOPHORE
(2) CONIDIA are released from conidiophore
(3) Conidium germinates to produce HYPHAE
(4) Vegetative mycelium grows.
PROCESS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(5) Plasmogamy
(6) Karyogamy
(7) Meisosis then mitosis
(8) Ascus opens to release ascospores.
known as “club fungi”
BASIDIOMYCOTA
MUSHROOM
BASIDIOMYCOTA
Parts of a mushroom: where basidia can be found; the structure that connects the basidiospores
Gills
protects the immature mushroom
Volva
Mushroom entire structure is called the ?
Basidiocarp
largest covering; protects the gills
Cap
may or may not contain the annulus
Stipe
Parts of mushroom: like a dress
Annulus
usually reproduce sexually (underground mating), reproduce asexually rarely.
Basidiomycete
Ascospores are formed by ?
Mitosis
Basidiospores are formed by ?
Meiosis
“Imperfect fungi” or mitosporic fungi; organisms that are only known to undergo asexual reproduction.
DEUTEROMYCOTA
