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3J - 2ND SEM - MYCOLOGY > 1: INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY > Flashcards

1: INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

posses the complete set of mature highly
functional organelles similar to human cell

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

require oxygen in order for them to grow and
survive however temporarily they are able to survive
in an environment with limited or no oxygen

A

facultative anaerobic/strictly aerobic

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3
Q

able to absorb nutrients in the form of
organic and inorganic chemicals from their
environment

A

chemotropic

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4
Q

cannot produce food via photosynthesis

A

achlorophyllous

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5
Q

structure important in absorbing sunlight in the
process of photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

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6
Q

pH conc of fungal organisms

A

acidic pH 5-6

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7
Q
  • favors fungal growth
A

high sugar conc.

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8
Q

Largest group of fungi; fruiting bodies that feast on they diseased remains of almost all organisms

A

Saprophytes

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9
Q

Found in blue cheese

A

Fungus penicillium

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10
Q

Found in beer, wine, beverages or liquor

A

Saccharomyces

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11
Q

Fermentation byproduct = makes dough rise

A

Carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Fungal organism source for penicillin

A

Penicillium notatum

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13
Q

Penicillium notatum accidentally discovered by ?

A

Alexander Fleming

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14
Q

an immunosuppressant drug which is widely used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection

A

Cyclosporine

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15
Q

Fungi involved in organ transplntation rejection

A

Tolypocladium inflatium

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16
Q

Causes blights on leaves, rusts on plants, black spots in mangoes

A

Phytopathogen

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17
Q

cause different types of disease such as mycosis, toxicosis, and allergies; Seen in skin

A

Mycoses

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18
Q

Morphologic classification of fungi

A

Yeast
Mold
Dimorphic

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19
Q

6 Fungal characteristics

A

Eukaryotic
Facultative aerobic/strict aerobic
Chemotropic
Achlorophyllous
pH 5-6
High sugar concentration favors growth

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20
Q

A small group of fungal elements that are able to express themselves as both yeast and mold

A

Dimorphic

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21
Q

Yeast reproduction process

A

Budding

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22
Q

Unicellular fungi which reproduce asexually

A

Yeast

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23
Q

a type of asexual reproduction in which
daughter individual is formed from a small projection, the bud, arising on the parent body

A

Budding

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24
Q

arise as small cytoplasmic outgrowth from parents cell and then followed by division of nucleus

A

Yeast bud

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25
Q

Types of bud

A

Blastospore
Blastoconidia

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26
Q

Macroscopic: colors of yeast

A

Pink, orange, yellow, green

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27
Q

a constriction develops that would clip off the daughter cell scarring at constriction point in the surface of the mother cell; hyphal-like structure

A

Pseudohyphae

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28
Q

Monomorphic yeast: 48-72 hours of colony cultivation

A

Candida albicans

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29
Q

Fastidious type of candida; an actual negative staining

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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30
Q

Monomorphic yeast

A

Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Geotrichum candidum

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31
Q

Multicellular fungal elements

A

Mold

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32
Q

Basic structure of mold ; Produced from germination of spores

A

Hypha (2-10 um)

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33
Q

From branching of many hyphae

A

Mycelia

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34
Q

2 types of mycelia

A

Vegetative/Thallus
Reproductive/Aerial

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35
Q

mycelium that is submerged or
embedded on the culture media

A

Vegetative/Thallus

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36
Q

MICROSCOPIC DETAILS OF MOLDS

A

EXISTENCE OF SEPTA
HYPHAL PIGMENTATION
HYPHAL SHAPES

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37
Q

possesses hyphae

A

Septate hyphae

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38
Q

do not have cross walls

A

Coenocytic hyphae

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39
Q

dark and pigmented hyphae

A

Dematiaceous hyphae

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40
Q

non-pigmented hyphae

A

Hyaline hyphae

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41
Q

5 Hyphal shapes

A

Spiral hyphae
Pectinate body
Flavic Chandelier (Antler hyphae)
Nodular organ
Racquet hyphae

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42
Q

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

A

Spiral hyphae

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43
Q

Microsporum audouinii

A

Pectinate Body

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44
Q

Trichopheton schoenleini

A

Antler hyphae

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45
Q

Microsporum canis

A

Nodular organ

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46
Q

Epidermophyton floccosum

A

Racquet hyphae

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47
Q

enlargement in the mycelium that consist of closely twisted hyphae

A

Nodular organ

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48
Q

swollen part of one hyphae and on the other part the hyphae is tapering

A

Racquet hyphae

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49
Q

3 TYPES OF HYPHAE IN MEDICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI

A

Coenocytic
Dematiaceous fungi
Hyaline molds

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50
Q

Monomorphic Mold

A

MET

Microsporum
Epidermophyton
Trichophyton

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51
Q

DIMORPHIC FUNGI: Mold form

A

25C-30C

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52
Q

DIMORPHIC FUNGI: Yeast form

A

35C-37C

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53
Q

Group of pathogenic fungi that are able to express themselves as yeast and mold

A

Thermal dimorphism

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54
Q

Dimorphic fungi: subcutaneous

A

Sporothrix schenkii

55
Q

Dimorphic fungii: opportunistic

A

Penicillium marneffei

56
Q

Function of capsule

A

Antiphagocytic factor

57
Q

functions to provide shape, rigidity, and strength, as well as protection from osmotic shock and mediates attachment of the organism

A

Cell wall

58
Q

poorly degraded by host cells. It activates complement fixation, provoke inflammatory reactions, and induce immune hypersensitivity

A

Polysaccharides

59
Q

Polymer: Chitin; Monomer ?

A

N-acetyl glucosamine

60
Q

Monomer: D-Glucosamine; polymer ?

A

Chitosan

61
Q

Monomer: D-Glucose; Polymers: ?

A

Cellulose

a-Glucan

B-Glucan

62
Q

monomer: D-Mannose; polymer ?

A

Mannan

63
Q

functions to protect cytoplasm, to regulate intake and secretion of solutes as well as to facilitate capsule and cell wall synthesis

A

Cellular membrane

64
Q

2 tye of phospholipids

A

Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylethanolamine

65
Q

Cellular membrane: bilayered structure

A

Phospholipids
Sterols

66
Q

2 types Sterols

A

Ergosterol
Zymosterol

67
Q

Phases of Sexual Reproduction

A

Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis

68
Q

Fusion of opposite but compatible mating type producing the dikaryon

A

Plasmogamy

69
Q

Fusion of 2 nuclei from dikaryon to form a DIPLOID nucleus that contains 2 sets of chromosomes

A

Karyogamy

70
Q

Meiosis produces

A

4 haploid spores

71
Q

Produced in the process of sexual reproduction

A

Sexual spores

72
Q

Types of sexual spores

A

Zygospore
Ascospore
Basidiospore

73
Q

Zygospore is commonly seen to be produced by

A

Rhizopus
Mucor

74
Q

Zygospore: fusion of (-) and (+) mating type produces ?

A

Gametangia

75
Q

Ascospore is produced in an

A

Ascus

76
Q

Ascospore can contain ? spores per ascus

A

four to eight (usually eight)

77
Q

Ascospore is housed in a structure called ?

A

Ascocarp

78
Q

Formed externally on a base pedestal; Typical in mushrooms

A

Basidiospore

79
Q

Basidiospore base pedestal is called

A

Basidium

80
Q

Each basidium has ? Basidiospore at the end

A

4

81
Q

Hypha multiplies by

A

Fragmentation

82
Q

From the mycelium, a specialized hyphae will be
produced which will grow erectly and out into the
surface called

A

conidiaphore or sporangiophore

83
Q

tip of conidiaphore or sporangiaphore is the ?; houses the spores/conidia

A

Sporangia

84
Q

Individuals produced by ASEXUAL reproduction are genetically ? To parent

A

Identical

85
Q

Principal structure that holds the asexual spores

A

Fruiting body

86
Q

spore sprouts a hypha then extends and branches out to produce a meshwork called

A

Mycelia

87
Q

SPORE DISPERSION: Most common disturbed dispersal factor

A

Wind
Rain
Physical dispersal

88
Q

Produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore

A

CONIDIOSPORE/CONIDIA

89
Q

process by which asexual spores are produced are called

A

Conidiogenesis

90
Q

2 process of Conidiogenesis

A

Thallic Conidiogenesis
Blastic Conidiogenesis

91
Q

(asexual) Spores developed by septation or fragmentation of a hypha; ALL layers of hyphal wall are involved

A

Thallic Conidiogenesis

92
Q

Elements of the hypha become converted into conidia; The separation of the conidia from one another would be due to the breakdown of the middle region of each septum

A

Arthrocondia

93
Q

Each fragment is rounded off and liberated in succession

A

Arthrocondia

94
Q

Commonly seen in or produced by Candida albicans; Can be formed at the pseudohyphae (tip) or at the intercalary position (periphery)

A

Chlamydospore

95
Q

The spore is already evident before it separates from the conidia hypha

A

BLASTIC CONIDIOGENESIS

96
Q

Formed by budding of hypha or yeast cells; All wall layers are involved

A

Blastospores (HOLOBLASTIC)

97
Q

spore emerges through a distinct pore in the hyphal wall; Only the inner wall of the mother cell participates in the production of the daughter cell

A

Porospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)

98
Q

Porospores is also called ?

A

Tretic or Poroconidia

99
Q

Usually leaves a scar at the point of detachment

A

Porospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)

100
Q

Able to develop at the scar itself; May produce a chain of spores

A

Annellospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)

101
Q

Ring-like scars

A

annellations

102
Q

Forms in succession; Each spore is pushed up from the end of the conidiophore

A

Phialospores (ENTEROBLASTIC)

103
Q

tip of the conidiophore where spores are produced

A

Phialide

104
Q

Seen on the first spore

A

Cap

105
Q

SPECIAL STRUCTURES FOR REPRODUCTION

A

Conidiophore
Sporangiophore

106
Q

specialized hyphae that grows erect which are the spores or the conidiophore; tip of the conidiophore ends in a vesicle

A

Aspergillus sp

107
Q

The end of the conidiophore branches out to form the metula

A

Penicillium sp.

108
Q

structure where the conidia is released

A

Phialids

109
Q

a bag or sac-like structure that encases the conidia

A

Sporangiophore

110
Q

Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -mycetes

A

Class

111
Q

Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -mycota

A

Phylum

112
Q

Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -ales

A

Order

113
Q

Fungal Taxonomic Classification: -ceae

A

Family

114
Q

Fungal-like organisms are grouped into

A

Mycota
Straminipila
Slime moulds

115
Q

they are parasites of algae and animals or they can live on organic debris; They are mostly saprophytic fungal elements

A

Chytrids

116
Q

Newly established phylum of about 230 species that live in close association with the roots of trees and plants.

A

Glomeromycota

117
Q

environmentally significant members of the fungal family that have not been associated with human infections.

A

Chytridiomycota

Glomeromycota

118
Q

Representative fungal element or Bread Mol

A

Rhizopus stolonifer

119
Q

sporangium fungi / common molds

A

Zygomycota

120
Q

sac fungi; Able to undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction even buds

A

Ascomycota

121
Q

PROCESS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A

(1) Hypha produces CONIDIOPHORE
(2) CONIDIA are released from conidiophore
(3) Conidium germinates to produce HYPHAE
(4) Vegetative mycelium grows.

122
Q

PROCESS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A

(5) Plasmogamy
(6) Karyogamy
(7) Meisosis then mitosis
(8) Ascus opens to release ascospores.

123
Q

known as “club fungi”

A

BASIDIOMYCOTA

124
Q

MUSHROOM

A

BASIDIOMYCOTA

125
Q

Parts of a mushroom: where basidia can be found; the structure that connects the basidiospores

A

Gills

126
Q

protects the immature mushroom

A

Volva

127
Q

Mushroom entire structure is called the ?

A

Basidiocarp

128
Q

largest covering; protects the gills

A

Cap

129
Q

may or may not contain the annulus

A

Stipe

130
Q

Parts of mushroom: like a dress

A

Annulus

131
Q

usually reproduce sexually (underground mating), reproduce asexually rarely.

A

Basidiomycete

132
Q

Ascospores are formed by ?

A

Mitosis

133
Q

Basidiospores are formed by ?

A

Meiosis

134
Q

“Imperfect fungi” or mitosporic fungi; organisms that are only known to undergo asexual reproduction.

A

DEUTEROMYCOTA

3J - 2ND SEM - MYCOLOGY (1 decks)

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