1: Introduction to Microbiology and Nature of the Microbial World

Question 1

the study of living organisms of microscopic size

Answer 1

microbiology

Question 2

who coined the term “microbe”

Answer 2

Chatles Sedillot (1878)

Question 3

6 branches of microbiology

Answer 3

1. Bacteriology
2. Virology
3. Mycology
4. Phycology
5. Protozoology
6. Parasitology

Question 4

2 people that suggested that diseases were caused by invisible creatures

Answer 4

Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro

Question 5

• 1673, first person to observe microorganisms “animalcules”
• Grandfather of Microbiology
• constructed the first microscope
• first to describe different shapes of bacteria

Answer 5

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 6

• hypothetical process by which organisms develop from nonliving matter

Answer 6

spontaneous generation theory

Question 7

who thought animal could originate from the soil

Answer 7

Aristotle

Question 8

3 believers of spontaneous generation theory except Aristotle

Answer 8

Jean Baptiste van Helmont, John Needham, Felix Pouchet

Question 9

scientist who performed an experiment with open, gauze-covered, and sealed jars to disprove SGT

Answer 9

Francesco Redi

Question 10

• Father of Microbiolgy
• ended SGT and proposed Germ Theory of Disease
• coined “microbiology” and “vaccine”
• developed sterilization techniques
• vaccines for rabies, anthrax, and chicken cholera

Answer 10

Louis Pasteur

Question 11

• cofounder of modern microbiology
• staining techniques with aniline
• hanging drop method
• isolating pure cultures and bacteria
• identified the causative agents of tubercolosis

Answer 11

Robert Koch

Question 12

hypersensitivity reaction wherein a guinea pig
already infected with the bacillus responded with
an exaggerated response when injected with the
tubercle bacillus or its protein

Answer 12

Koch’s phenomenon

Question 13

father of modern antisepsis

Answer 13

Joseph Lister

Question 14

discovered staph colonies disappearing with mold

Answer 14

Alexander Fleming

Question 15

developed the first vaccine against smallpox

Answer 15

Edward Jenner

Question 16

introduced agar as a solidifying media

Answer 16

Fanny Hesse

Question 17

introduced the differential staining of bacteria called Gram staining

Answer 17

Hans Christian Gram

Question 18

discovered bacteriophage and viruses that attack or
destroy bacteria

Answer 18

Frederick Twort

Question 19

4 postulates of Robert Koch

Answer 19

Postulate 1: The organism should be regularly found in
the lesions of the disease.

Postulate 2: It should be possible to isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesions.

Postulate 3: Inoculation of the pure culture into suitable laboratory animals should reproduce the lesion of the disease.

Postulate 4: It should be possible to re-isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesions produced in the experimental animals

Additional 5th: Specific antibodies to the organism should be demonstrable in the serum of patients suffering from the disease.

Question 20

the five kingdoms of the Whittaker’s system

Answer 20

Monera (bacteria)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Question 21

three domains of the Whittaker’s system

Answer 21

Bacteria
Archaea (ancient)
Eukarya

Question 22

cells possessing true nuclei containing chromosomes and organelles

Answer 22

eukaryotes

Question 23

cells lacking true membrane-bound bound nuclei, with circular chromosome and plasmids

Answer 23

prokaryotes

Question 24

4 common features of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 24

DNA
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes

Question 25

• acellular, sub-microscopic particle (visible only under electron microscope) that can infect living cells
• no cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles
• completely dependent on host cells for protein synthesis
• capable of replicating inside a host but inert outside (lacks cellular machinery)

Answer 25

virus

Question 26

2 things that make up a virus

Answer 26

nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
capsid (protein coat) (sometimes covered by envelope)

Question 27

compare the infection from bacteria and virus

Answer 27

bacteria: localized
virus: systemic

Question 28

specific types of cells a virus can infect which is determined by their attachment sites (receptors)

Answer 28

host range

Question 29

3 classifications of virus depending on their host range

Answer 29

animal/human virus
plant virus
bacterial virus (bacteriophage)

Question 30

authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of and nomenclatures of viruses

Answer 30

International Committee on Taxonomy for Viruses (ICTV) (1966)

Question 31

• small infectious agents which are circular single-stranded RNAs without a protein coat
• affects plants
• do not fit the definition of classic viruses

Answer 31

viroids

Question 32

• infectious particles composed solely of protein with no detectable nucleic acid
• resistant to a wide range of chemical and physical treatments
• highly resistant to inactivation by heat, formaldehyde, and ultraviolet light that inactivate viruses

Answer 32

prions

Question 33

prions are also called______

Answer 33

Proteinaceous Infectious particle
Infectious proteins
Rogue proteins

Question 34

gene that encodes for prion protein

Answer 34

PRNP

Question 35

prion diseases are also called ________

Answer 35

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Question 36

examples of prion diseases

Answer 36

scrapie in sheep
mad cow disease
Kuru and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease in humans