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MED-105 MEDICAL ETHICS > 1. Introduction To Medical Ethics > Flashcards

1. Introduction To Medical Ethics Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the greek word for ethics? Latin?

A

ethos, ethicus

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2
Q

What does ethos mean shortly?

A

means manner/custom/way/practice
a way of acting, a religious ethos

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3
Q

List the 3 important philosophers

A

Plato
Aristotle
Socrates

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4
Q

Explain the meaning of ethics

A

Ethics is about human conduct. It is a code or science of what is right and what is wrong
Right conduct/behaviour. Doing what is good or right yourselves, Defending what is good or right,
Recommending what is good or right

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5
Q

Who coined the word ethics?

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

What does Aristotle believe?

A

In virtuous living. He believed a moral life made up of good conduct leads to happiness

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7
Q

What is virtuous living?

A

A moral life which is made up of good conduct leading to happiness

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8
Q

What is the practical aim of ethics?

A

to be good
to act well in your profession

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9
Q

What is the good doctor?

A

To be a good doctor knowledge is not enough, Moral code is required in order to become a virtuous doctor
Medicine is a moral community because it is a moral enterprise
Its members are bound together by a common moral purpose

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10
Q

List 3 examples of ethics in medicine

A

Philosophical & applied ethics
Normative & descriptive ethics
Medical ethics and bioethics

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11
Q

Define ethics simply

A

Ethics is a philosophical discipline concerning human behaviour and how to act well which may be applied to any endeavour. It is a moral philosophy

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12
Q

What is morality?

A
  • It Is the value dimension of human behavior; good-bad duality
  • involves adhering to a specific belief system or code of conduct
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13
Q

Ethics and morality

A
  • is concerned with how a person should behave in a way that is morally
    correct or good
  • It refers to the rules that form moral codes about what is right/wrong etc
  • ethics is based on values and reasoning
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14
Q

Ethics vs morality

A
  • ethics is primarily a matter of knowing
  • morality is a matter of doing
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15
Q

Normative vs Descriptive ethical claims

A
  1. NORMATIVE or prescriptive or evaluative- (claims about how the world should be)
    e.g. Greenhouse gas emissions should be minimized
  2. DESCRIPTIVE or empirical- (claims about the world/FACTS)
    e.g. Greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global climate change
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16
Q

What is bioethics?

A

It concerns the ethical issues of biomedical scientific technologies and the future of human life.

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17
Q

What is Medical ethics

A

is an area of ethics concerned with the practice of clinical medicine and scientific research.
has a flexible set of solutions based on (facts, logic, syllogism)
often seen as a proscriptive activity telling you what you cannot do
in many cases it can be very freeing; affirming that you are doing the right thing.

18
Q

Explain bioethics in detail?

A

applied ethics that studies
- philosophical
- social
- legal issues

arising in medicine and the life sciences.

19
Q

What are some Modern issues in bioethics

A
  • Designer babies
  • DNA banks
  • Genetic modification and agricultural activity
  • Human genome and associated challenges
20
Q

-

A
21
Q

What is ethical reasoning?

A
  • The ability to reflect on moral issues in the abstract and in historical narratives within particular traditions.
  • The ability to identify, assess, and develop ethical arguments from a variety of ethical positions
22
Q

What is an ethical argument?

A
  • A statement based on solid and coherent premises
  • Is an argument based on ethical theories
  • In clinical practice, The ethical aspects of decision-making need to be explicit and reasons have to be given for the decisions taken
23
Q

How to develop and ethical argument?

A
  1. Duty and rights
    taking the right action
  2. Character and relationships
    being a good person (having the right intentions)
  3. Consequences
    predicting best possible outcomes
24
Q

What is the ethical code in medicine?

A
  • To help resolve disputes between family, patients, physicians, or other parties.
  • To adhere to professional duty and maintain a clear conscience.
  • To identify an ethical challenge and not make yourself look uninformed.
  • To maintain the respect of your patients.
  • To maintain respectful relationships with other clinicians.
  • To maintain some efficiency in decision making and the care process.
  • To reduce burnout (physicians’ personal values vs those of their organisation)
25
Q

What happens in the absence of ethics?

A
  • Ethical violations
  • Medical errors
  • The patient feeling their dignity is not respected; they are not heard
  • Lack of trust in the doctor patient relationship & the medical profession
  • Lack of adherence to treatment
  • Conflict of interests
  • Causing physical/emotional/financial injury to patients through inappropriate
    behaviour
  • Doctors withholding treatments or promoting unnecessary treatments to meet
    personal or institutional interests
26
Q

What is ethics in medicine?

A

An ethical code for practice. A corpus of professional guidelines that we must learn and follow

A way of reasoning that promotes human good and reflects a virtious practitioner

27
Q

What are the 3 core values in medicine and medical ethics?

A
  1. Compassion
    Concern for patient’s condition and distress
  2. Competence
    Scientific, technical, cultural, ethical
  3. Autonomy or self-determination
    Individual and collective decision-making procedures
28
Q

Hippocratic Oath

A
  • Hippocratic Oath was written specifically to prevent self interested doctors from harming individual patients in ancient times
  • Hippocrates 460 BC - 370 BC
  • Translation by Ludwig Edelstein (1967)
29
Q

What is the hippocratic oath today?

A

In developing a universal code there is the problem of:
“How to develop an all embracing ethical code of practice if one
makes the code relative to local circumstances?”

30
Q

What is “The Law”?

A

the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority
and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom
and policies recognised and enforced by judicial decision’

31
Q

What is “Medical Law”?

A

Establishing standards & defining principles/procedures on how physicians are
required to deal with ethical issues in patient care and research

32
Q

What are the regulatory issues in medical law?

A

Regulatory issues;
medical licenses,
monitoring and regulation of clinical conduct
dealing with misconduct/malpractice

33
Q

Criminal Law

A

Criminal law concerns matters serious enough to be considered offences against the WHOLE COMMUNITY.

34
Q

Civil Law

A

Civil law concerns dealings between PRIVATE individuals or groups.

35
Q

Statute

A

Statute refers to written law decided by the legislature or other government agency (DECISIONS MADE BY LEGISLATURE OR GOVERNMENT) (e.g. Acts of Parliament); it is relatively difficult to change

36
Q

Common Law

A

Common law is based on precedent or case; it concerns DECISIONS MADE BY JUDGES and it’s relatively more malleable

37
Q

What is personal and professional ethics?

A
  1. Personal ethics refers to the ethical values and standards that a person identifies with in respect to people and situations that they deal with in everyday life.
  2. Professional ethics refers to the ethical guidelines and rules that a person
    must adhere to in respect of their interactions and dealings in their
    professional life.
38
Q

What is The World Medical Association and what does it do?

A

A) International organisation representing physicians (1947-)

B)
* provides ethical guidance to physicians through its Declarations (LIKE GENEVA), Resolutions and Statements
* guide National Medical Associations, governments and international organizations throughout the world
* Is in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO)

39
Q

What is the General Medical Council? What does it do?

A

A) Regulatory body for medical professionals in the UK

B)
* Maintain and manage a register of doctors licensed to practice medicine in the UK
* Set professional standards of practice –ethical guidance
* Supervise medical education and training
* Revalidation & appraisal of doctors’ fitness to practice
* Investigate on concerns about doctors and enforce professional discipline

40
Q

List 8 common ethical problems in medical practice?

A
  • Withholding treatment to meet an organization’s budget, or because of insurance policies;
  • Upcoding to get treatment covered;
  • Getting romantically involved with a patient or family member;
  • Covering up a mistake;
  • Reporting an impaired colleague;
  • Prescribing a placebo;
  • Practicing defensive medicine to avoid malpractice lawsuits;
  • Breaching patient confidentiality owing to a health risk.
41
Q

Why does ethical analysis matter?

A
  • Patient care is enhanced
  • Staff avoid moral distress and potential ‘burnout’
  • Teams function more effectively & inclusively
  • Enhances productivity, efficiency & morale
  • Maintains reputation & accountability
  • Ethics quality is integral to the wider quality debate in healthcare

MED-105 MEDICAL ETHICS (6 decks)

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