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MED-105 MEDICAL ETHICS > 1. Introduction To Medical Ethics > Flashcards

1. Introduction To Medical Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the greek word for ethics? Latin?

A

ethos, ethicus

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2
Q

What does ethos mean shortly?

A

means manner/custom/way/practice
a way of acting, a religious ethos

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3
Q

List the 3 important philosophers

A

Plato
Aristotle
Socrates

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4
Q

Explain the meaning of ethics

A

Ethics is about human conduct. It is a code or science of what is right and what is wrong
Right conduct/behaviour. Doing what is good or right yourselves, Defending what is good or right,
Recommending what is good or right

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5
Q

Who coined the word ethics?

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

What does Aristotle believe?

A

In virtuous living. He believed a moral life made up of good conduct leads to happiness

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7
Q

What is virtuous living?

A

A moral life which is made up of good conduct leading to happiness

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8
Q

What is the practical aim of ethics?

A

to be good
to act well in your profession

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9
Q

What is the good doctor?

A

To be a good doctor knowledge is not enough, Moral code is required in order to become a virtuous doctor
Medicine is a moral community because it is a moral enterprise
Its members are bound together by a common moral purpose

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10
Q

List 3 examples of ethics in medicine

A

Philosophical & applied ethics
Normative & descriptive ethics
Medical ethics and bioethics

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11
Q

Define ethics simply

A

Ethics is a philosophical discipline concerning human behaviour and how to act well which may be applied to any endeavour. It is a moral philosophy

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12
Q

What is morality?

A
  • It Is the value dimension of human behavior; good-bad duality
  • involves adhering to a specific belief system or code of conduct
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13
Q

Ethics and morality

A
  • is concerned with how a person should behave in a way that is morally
    correct or good
  • It refers to the rules that form moral codes about what is right/wrong etc
  • ethics is based on values and reasoning
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14
Q

Ethics vs morality

A
  • ethics is primarily a matter of knowing
  • morality is a matter of doing
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15
Q

Normative vs Descriptive ethical claims

A
  1. NORMATIVE or prescriptive or evaluative- (claims about how the world should be)
    e.g. Greenhouse gas emissions should be minimized
  2. DESCRIPTIVE or empirical- (claims about the world/FACTS)
    e.g. Greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global climate change
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16
Q

What is bioethics?

A

It concerns the ethical issues of biomedical scientific technologies and the future of human life.

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17
Q

What is Medical ethics

A

is an area of ethics concerned with the practice of clinical medicine and scientific research.
has a flexible set of solutions based on (facts, logic, syllogism)
often seen as a proscriptive activity telling you what you cannot do
in many cases it can be very freeing; affirming that you are doing the right thing.

18
Q

Explain bioethics in detail?

A

applied ethics that studies
- philosophical
- social
- legal issues

arising in medicine and the life sciences.

19
Q

What are some Modern issues in bioethics

A
  • Designer babies
  • DNA banks
  • Genetic modification and agricultural activity
  • Human genome and associated challenges
21
Q

What is ethical reasoning?

A
  • The ability to reflect on moral issues in the abstract and in historical narratives within particular traditions.
  • The ability to identify, assess, and develop ethical arguments from a variety of ethical positions
22
Q

What is an ethical argument?

A
  • A statement based on solid and coherent premises
  • Is an argument based on ethical theories
  • In clinical practice, The ethical aspects of decision-making need to be explicit and reasons have to be given for the decisions taken
23
Q

How to develop and ethical argument?

A
  1. Duty and rights
    taking the right action
  2. Character and relationships
    being a good person (having the right intentions)
  3. Consequences
    predicting best possible outcomes
24
Q

What is the ethical code in medicine?

A
  • To help resolve disputes between family, patients, physicians, or other parties.
  • To adhere to professional duty and maintain a clear conscience.
  • To identify an ethical challenge and not make yourself look uninformed.
  • To maintain the respect of your patients.
  • To maintain respectful relationships with other clinicians.
  • To maintain some efficiency in decision making and the care process.
  • To reduce burnout (physicians’ personal values vs those of their organisation)
25
What happens in the absence of ethics?
- Ethical violations - Medical errors - The patient feeling their dignity is not respected; they are not heard - Lack of trust in the doctor patient relationship & the medical profession - Lack of adherence to treatment - Conflict of interests - Causing physical/emotional/financial injury to patients through inappropriate behaviour - Doctors withholding treatments or promoting unnecessary treatments to meet personal or institutional interests
26
What is ethics in medicine?
An ethical code for practice. A corpus of professional guidelines that we must learn and follow A way of reasoning that promotes human good and reflects a virtious practitioner
27
What are the 3 core values in medicine and medical ethics?
1. Compassion Concern for patient’s condition and distress 2. Competence Scientific, technical, cultural, ethical 3. Autonomy or self-determination Individual and collective decision-making procedures
28
Hippocratic Oath
- Hippocratic Oath was written specifically to prevent self interested doctors from harming individual patients in ancient times - Hippocrates 460 BC - 370 BC - Translation by Ludwig Edelstein (1967)
29
What is the hippocratic oath today?
In developing a universal code there is the problem of: “How to develop an all embracing ethical code of practice if one makes the code relative to local circumstances?”
30
What is "The Law"?
the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognised and enforced by judicial decision’
31
What is "Medical Law"?
Establishing standards & defining principles/procedures on how physicians are required to deal with ethical issues in patient care and research
32
What are the regulatory issues in medical law?
Regulatory issues; medical licenses, monitoring and regulation of clinical conduct dealing with misconduct/malpractice
33
Criminal Law
Criminal law concerns matters serious enough to be considered offences against the WHOLE COMMUNITY.
34
Civil Law
Civil law concerns dealings between PRIVATE individuals or groups.
35
Statute
Statute refers to written law decided by the legislature or other government agency (DECISIONS MADE BY LEGISLATURE OR GOVERNMENT) (e.g. Acts of Parliament); it is relatively difficult to change
36
Common Law
Common law is based on precedent or case; it concerns DECISIONS MADE BY JUDGES and it’s relatively more malleable
37
What is personal and professional ethics?
1. Personal ethics refers to the ethical values and standards that a person identifies with in respect to people and situations that they deal with in everyday life. 2. Professional ethics refers to the ethical guidelines and rules that a person must adhere to in respect of their interactions and dealings in their professional life.
38
What is The World Medical Association and what does it do?
A) International organisation representing physicians (1947-) B) * provides ethical guidance to physicians through its Declarations (LIKE GENEVA), Resolutions and Statements * guide National Medical Associations, governments and international organizations throughout the world * Is in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO)
39
What is the General Medical Council? What does it do?
A) Regulatory body for medical professionals in the UK B) * Maintain and manage a register of doctors licensed to practice medicine in the UK * Set professional standards of practice –ethical guidance * Supervise medical education and training * Revalidation & appraisal of doctors’ fitness to practice * Investigate on concerns about doctors and enforce professional discipline
40
List 8 common ethical problems in medical practice?
* Withholding treatment to meet an organization's budget, or because of insurance policies; * Upcoding to get treatment covered; * Getting romantically involved with a patient or family member; * Covering up a mistake; * Reporting an impaired colleague; * Prescribing a placebo; * Practicing defensive medicine to avoid malpractice lawsuits; * Breaching patient confidentiality owing to a health risk.
41
Why does ethical analysis matter?
* Patient care is enhanced * Staff avoid moral distress and potential ‘burnout’ * Teams function more effectively & inclusively * Enhances productivity, efficiency & morale * Maintains reputation & accountability * Ethics quality is integral to the wider quality debate in healthcare

MED-105 MEDICAL ETHICS (6 decks)

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