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exci 360 endocrinology > 1-introduction to endocrinology > Flashcards

1-introduction to endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical substance that is secreted by a gland or a tissue into body fluid and has a physiological control effect on other cells.

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2
Q

endocrine def

A

H produced and secreted within the body (where it has its effect)

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3
Q

opposite of endocrine and example

A

exocrine and digestive enzymes bc they are produced in the pancreas and excreted out

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4
Q

3 different times scales of hormonal effects and examples

A

seconds (epi, norepi): fight or flight
several days, weeks: cell growth that requires gene transcription
months (tyroxine and growth H): mito changes and becomes more powerful or drugs for example

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5
Q

what can the sympathetic ns stimulate

A

adrenal glands

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6
Q

what can the central ns control

A

pituitary gland

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7
Q

t/f all H are controlled by the ns

A

f: some but not all

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8
Q

t/f most hormones are produced at high levels to be able to regulate them easier

A

false, they are mostly produced at lower levels

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9
Q

what metabolic functions of the body are controlled by the endocrine system

A

-chemical reaction rate of cells
-transport of substances through cell membrane
-growth of body
-secretion of other hormones

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10
Q

t/f the biochemical process in each cell cannot occur without the endo sys

A

false, it can occur but it requires the endo sys for homeostasis

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11
Q

what metabolites do the H have the most impact on

A

proteins, fatty acids and glucose

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12
Q

what gland crosses the blood brain barrier

A

the pituitary

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13
Q

what is the top part of the pituitary connected to and the bottom part

A

the top part is connected to the hypothalamus and the bottom is connected to blood vessels

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14
Q

how many thyroid gland lobes does a person have and what shape

A

shapes vary and a person can have from 1 to 3 lobes

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15
Q

what can the hypothalamus control

A

body temp
bp
electrolytes
diff chemicals
thoughts, feelings, vision and smell
decides which H to use and which aren’t needed

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16
Q

what are the diff types of endocrine gland and tissues

A

pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
parathyroid
islets of Langerhans
ovaries
testes
placenta
duodenum

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17
Q

what are the diff types of endocrine glands

A

pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
parathyroid
ovaries
testes
duodenum

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18
Q

what are the 6 H secreted by the ant pituitary

A

GH
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
thyroid-stimulating H
follicle-stimulating H
luteinizing H
prolactin

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19
Q

which part of the pituitary is smaller and controlled primarily by other H

A

ant pit

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20
Q

what part of the pit comes from skin stem cells and nervous tissue stem cells

A

skin stem cells: ant pit
nervous tissue stem cells: post pit

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21
Q

which lobe of the pit is primarily under neuronal control

A

post pit (R lobe)

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22
Q

what are the H secreted by the post pit

A

antidiuretic H (vasopressant): controls bp in kidney
oxytocin

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23
Q

how many glands are part of the adrenal and where are they located

A

2 glands each on top of the kidneys

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24
Q

1 adrenal gland is divided into what parts and where are they located

A

cortex (superficial or external) and medulla (deep or internal)

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25
Q

what part of 1 adrenal gland is under H control and which is under neural control

A

the cortex is H control
medulla is neural control

26
Q

what 2 catecholamine H are secreted by the medulla and to what sys is it directly connected to

A

adrenaline (major secretion)
noradrenaline (minor secretion)
directly connected to the sympathethic ns

27
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

up in the sternal and mediastinal area of the thorax and is situated above the thymus which sits on top of the heart

28
Q

what 3 H are secreted by the thyroid gland

A

thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin (produced in thyroid gland but goes elesewhere)

29
Q

the parathyroid gland has how many glands and they are located where

A

4 located in the thyroid gland

30
Q

what H is secreted by the parathyroid gland

A

parathyroid H (parathormone)

31
Q

where are the islets of Langerhans located and what H do they secrete and what are they considered as

A

in the pancreas and secrete insulin and glucagon
endocrine tissue not gland

32
Q

what do the ovaries produce

A

estrogen and progesterone

33
Q

what do the testes produce

A

testosterone

34
Q

what is the placenta considered as and what H does it make and what process are they involved in

A

endocrine tissue
it makes: human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone, somatomammotropin
embryogenesis

35
Q

what do the brunner’s gland do and what are they a part of

A

secretin H signals to the pancreas and coordinates digestion
the duodenum contains brunner’S gland

36
Q

is the brown adipose tissue an endocrine gland or tissue and what does it do

A

no bc it doesn’t secrete H
it receives H input to help regulate body temp

37
Q

what are local H and give examples

A

primarily have specific local effects on specific tissues (not based on where they come from but where they have their effect)
-secretin
-cholecystokinin
-adrenocorticotropin

38
Q

where is secretin released from and what does it do

A

released from the duodenum wall and is transported in blood to pancreas causing secretions for digestion

39
Q

where is cholecystokinin released from and what does it do

A

released in small intestine and transported to gallbladder to cause gallbladder contractions
and to pancreas to cause secretion of digestive enzymes

40
Q

where is the adrenocorticotropin H released from

A

the ant pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocortical H

41
Q

what are general H and give examples

A

general H can be effective on many parts of the body and cause many reactions
-epi and norepi
-GH
-thyroid H (T3 and T4)

42
Q

epi and norepi are secreted by what, cause constriction of what and has effects on what

A

-secreted by adrenal medulla under sympathetic stimulation, secreted by sympathetic n.
-cause constriction of blood vessels and increase arterial pressure
-has effects on most organs and tissues of the body

43
Q

GH is released from what and causes what

A

ant pituitary
causes growth in all parts of the body

44
Q

T3 and T4 are released from where and increase what

A

released from thyroid gland and increase chemical rx rate in almost all body cells that have a mitochondria

45
Q

What does the chemical classification of H help us understand

A

how the H is produced and how it works on the body

46
Q

what is cholesterol

A

a part of our cell mem because it is hydrophobic and lipophilic

47
Q

what are steroid based H built from and why are they called like this

A

cholesterol
because testosterone is built from cholesterol and many anabolic steroids are made from testosterone

48
Q

what can the adrenal cortex turn the cholesterol into and what can the placenta and ovaries turn cholesterol into

A

into many H such as cortisol and aldosterone

into estrogen

49
Q

t/f our body needs cholesterol to make H

A

true

50
Q

the steroid based H tend to cross what to get directly to where

A

tend to cross the plasma mem and get directly to the inside of the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus) bc the receptors for steroid based H are usually found within the cell nucleus or cytoplasm

51
Q

what is the mechanism of steroid H pathway

A

1- steroid H enter cytoplasm of cell
2-binds with receptors(in some cases, the receptors are found within the nucleus not the cytoplasm)
3- diffuse or transported into nucleus
4-bind to and activate DNA strands
5- initiate transcription process of genes to form RNA messenger
6- RNA goes into cytoplasm thru nuclear pore complex
7- promote functions inside the cells

52
Q

what is tyrosine

A

important amino acid to make proteins but it can also be turned into several diff H (thyroid gland can turn tyrosine into thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) )
(adrenal medulla can turn tyrosine into epi& norepi)

53
Q

how does the thyroid gland use tyrosine to make H and why is it different than others

A

it adds iodine mol to tyrosine which makes T3 and T4 hydrophobic and lipophilic
because it makes their receptors be inside the cells

54
Q

how does the adrenal gland use tyrosine

A

it hydroxylates tyrosine to make it hydrophilic and lipophobic

55
Q

what is the pathway for thyroid H

A

1- binds w receptor in cell nucleus (in some cases, the receptors are found within the nucleus not the cytoplasm)
2-bind and activate RNA
3-initiate transcriptions of specific genes to form RNA messenger
4- RNA goes into cytoplasm thru nuclear pore complex
5- new proteins (enzymes) are formed and become the controller to promote metabolic activities in all cells of body

56
Q

what is the pathway for substances that interact w receptors on the surface of the cell mem

A

1- bind w receptors on the cell mem
2-cause conformational change of proteins structures of the receptor
3-open or close channels for ions (Na or K) (change of meme permeability)
4- change of cell mem potential
5-cause cell excitation or inhibition

57
Q

what H have receptors on the surface of the cell mem

A

epi nor epi and acetylcholine (bc they can’t enter since they are lipophobic and hydrophilic)

58
Q

what is the diff btw a prot and a peptides

A

a prot is a long chain of amino acids that fold up unto an organized blob
a peptides is a shorter version (<20 aa) that doesn’t flod into a blob

59
Q

what are examples of prot based H and what are their characteristics

A

ant pituitary H
post pituitary H
insulin and glucagon
parathormone

they are hydrophobic and lipophilic so they use receptors on the surface of cell mem

60
Q

what is the pathway for prot based H

A

1-prot based H bind to receptors on mem (protrudes to ext of cell)
2-structure change in receptor
3-receptor becomes activated enzyme: adenyl cyclase
4-activate the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
5- second messenger activates a cascade of enzymes
6-causes powerful effects on cells

exci 360 endocrinology (1 decks)

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