[1] Introduction to Endocrine Physiology

Question 1

Present Definition of a Hormone

Answer 1

Chemical substance active in small quantities (10^-7 to 10^-10 M)
Affect distant cell, nearby cell, or source cell

Question 2

[T/F]

Hormone must be produced by an organ

Answer 2

F

It can be produced by individual cells

Question 3

[T/F]

Hormones must be released into the blood

Answer 3

F

Paracrine/Autocrine signaling
Chemical mediators may also be released into interstitial space

Question 4

[T/F]

Hormones exert specific functions

Answer 4

T

Question 5

How are Thyroid Hormones formed?

Answer 5

Iodination of the Benzene Ring of Tyrosine

Question 6

How are Catecholamines formed?

Answer 6

Introduction of a second hydroxyl group in the benzene ring of Tyrosine

Question 7

How is Melatonin formed?

Answer 7

Acetylation of the aliphatic amino group and Hydroxylation of the indole ring of Tryptophan

Question 8

What is the smallest hormone produced in the hypothalamus?

Answer 8

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Question 9

How are Prostaglandins formed?

Answer 9

Addition of oxygen atoms and cyclization of Arachidonic Acid

Question 10

How are peptide hormones stored?

Answer 10

Granules

Question 11

How are steroid hormones stored?

Answer 11

Free in Cytoplasm

Question 12

Which are transported in the blood faster, peptide or steroid hormones?

Answer 12

Peptide hormones because they are usually free whereas steroid hormones are bound to transport-proteins

Question 13

Which have a longer half-life, peptide or steroid hormones?

Answer 13

Steroid Hormones, peptide hormones are short-lived (minutes)

Question 14

What part of the cell is the gene for a peptide hormone transcribed into a pre-messenger RNA?

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

Where are preprohormones produced?

Answer 15

Ribosomes

Question 16

What is the difference between a preprohormone and a prohormone?

Answer 16

Preprohormones have signal peptides attached, this is cleaved off in the RER to yield Prohormones

Question 17

Clinical Importance of C-Peptide

Answer 17

Can help determine if a diabetic is type 1 or 2

If the amount is zero/below normal then it indicates little/no amount of endogenous insulin produced (Type 1 Diabetes)

Question 18

What is the copeptide for Provasopressin?

Answer 18

Neurophysin

Question 19

Where and how are peptide hormone stored?

Answer 19

They are packed in the Golgi Apparatus and stored in Granules

Question 20

Precursor of ACTH

Answer 20

Propiomelanocortin (POMC)

Question 21

Precursor of Glucagon

Answer 21

Glucagon-like Peptide (Langerhan Cells of Intestine)

Question 22

Types of Hormone Release

Answer 22

Vesicular
Non-Vesicular
Hybrid

Question 23

Define: Endocrinology

Answer 23

Study of communication and control within a living organism by means of chemical messengers that are synthesized whole/part by that organism

Question 24

Effect of too much Growth Hormone before puberty?

After?

Answer 24

Before: Gigantism
After: Acromegaly

Question 25

Examples of Peptide Hormones

Answer 25

TSH Insulin Growth Hormone

Question 26

Examples of Steroid Hormones

Answer 26

``` Progesterone Estrogen Androgen Testosterone Corticoids ```

Question 27

What can happen if you give too many amino acid derived hormones?

Answer 27

Gain antibodies against it, this does not occur in peptide hormones

Question 28

Differentiate: Autocrine and Intracrine

Answer 28

Autocrine hormones come from the blood