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Dental Materials > 1. Introduction to Dental Materials > Flashcards

1. Introduction to Dental Materials Flashcards

1
Q

St. Apollonia

St Apollonia with a tooth grasping forceps in hand

A source of comfort to ____ sufferers

A

tooth ache

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2
Q

Historical Perspectives

1728 ____ – Father of Dentistry
Published report on dental restorations

1756 ____
Wax impressions and POP casts

1792 ____
Construction of porcelain teeth

1915 Discovery! ____ reduced caries rates in Colorado

1935 - Polymerized ____ resin

1919 - US NBS/NIST - ____
- Specifications for amalgam

1928 - ____

A 
Fauchard
Pfaff
de Chamant
Fluoride
Acrylic
Wilmer Souder
ADA Standards
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3
Q

Relevant Standards Organizations
• ____
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- American Dental Association (ADA)

• ____

  • Int. Dental Federation (FDI)
  • Int. Standards Organization (ISO)

Control which materials are sold and which materials are released to consumers

Each organization has their own ____ that products must meet

A

National
International
standard

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4
Q

Federal Regulations

1976 Medical Devices Amendment

  • FDA regulation of medical devices
  • Class I devices - ____ risk
  • – General controls - good manufacturing practices
  • Class II devices -
  • – FDA Performance standards
  • Class III devices
  • –Approval for safety and efficacy
  • — Premarket Approvals - Dental Implants

Class I > ____
Class II > dental ____
Class II > most ____ > implants; evidence of meeting certification standards, and that they are safe

A

low
burs
composites
invasive

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5
Q

Scope of Subject

General classification of dental materials

Metals

Gold ____, Base metal ____, dental ____, direct filling gold, stainless steel wrought ____

Classify dental materials into ____ major groups

A

alloys
alloys
amalgam
alloys

three

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6
Q

Maryland Bridge

A type of ____ material > replacing a missing tooth, cemented to the adjacent teeth

A

metallic

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7
Q

Polymer Materials

\_\_\_\_
Composite \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ base impression materials
\_\_\_\_ impression materials
\_\_\_\_

Composite resin (combination of a polymer ____ + inorganic filler)

Acrylic is used for making ____ (PMMA)

A 
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
resin
rubber
hydrocolloid
waxes

Bis-GMA
dentures

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8
Q

Metals/Polymers

Maxillofacial Prosthodontists > ____ body parts attached via implants

A

silicone

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9
Q

Waxes

Wax is made from a mixture of ____ resins

Used as an ____ step for restorations

A

polymeric

intermediate

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10
Q

Ceramic Materials

  • ____ veneers and crowns
  • ____ materials
    • ____ products
  • Dental ____
A

porcelain
investment
gypsum
cements

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11
Q

Ceramic Veneers

____ veneer for correcting discolored canine

A

Ceramic

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12
Q

Ceramics and Color

____ Fused-to -____ restorations tinted to give appearance of aging

A

porcelain

metal

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13
Q

Effects of Oral Environment

Physical Considerations

____
____ changes
____ changes

A

biting forces/stresses
temperature
pH

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14
Q

Stresses on Restorations

Stresses in ____ of dental restorations

A

selected regions

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15
Q

Effects of Oral Environment

Biological Considerations

  • ____
  • ____ effects on dental pulp
  • ____
  • ____

Microleakage > leakage of fluids and oral bacteria through a filling

Thermal effect > using a ____ restoration > high thermal conductivity > can potentially kill the pulp

Galvanism > saliva and tissue fluids are ____; there can be electrical currents generated in the mouth (esp common between two metals and the saliva)

A

microleakage
thermal
galvanism
toxicity

metallic
conductive

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16
Q

Biological Consequences

____ along tooth/restoration interface

____ products from amalgam reduce microleakage

Patient may experience pain initially, but eventually the sensitivity wanes because the ____ corrodes and seals the margin; advise to take a tylenol

A

microleakage
corrosion
amalgam

17
Q

Other Properties

Electrical - Galvanic cell formation

  • Opposing metallic restorations
  • Saliva as ____
  • Current Flow

Assume one filling is gold and the other is amalgam, different ____, whenever they come into contact they generate a current

Avoid placing two ____ metals in contact with each other; not always homogenous, some patients experience ____

A

electrolyte
conductivities
different
no effect

18
Q

Structure of Matter

Primary (chemical) bonds
a. \_\_\_\_
b. covalent
c. \_\_\_\_
d. combination of ionic
   and covalent bond
A

ionic

metallic

19
Q

Ionic Bonds

  • Electron ____
  • Electrons are ____ for charge neutrality
  • ____ Materials
A

transfer
fixed
ceramic

20
Q

Covalent Bonds

  • Electron ____
  • ____ bond orientation
  • ____ and ____
A

sharing
precise
polymers
ceramics

21
Q

Metallic Bonds

  • Electron ____
  • Electron ____ around ____ charged ions
A

sharing
gas
positively

22
Q

Structure of Matter

Secondary (Physical) bonds

  • ____ forces eg. Hydrogen bonding
  • ____
A

polar

van der waals

23
Q

Secondary Interatomic Bonds

Hydrogen Bonding
____ dipoles exemplified by ____ molecules

A

permanent

water

24
Q

Secondary Interatomic Bonds

van der Waals forces

____ dipoles of ____ gas molecules
____ electron field

Typically they are ____

A

instantaneous
inert
fluctuating
symmetrical

25
Q

Crystal Structure

  • Regular arrangement of atoms in space for ____ internal energy
  • – every atom is situated ____ to every other atom
  • – ____

____ Possible lattice forms

Ordered arrangement (space lattices)

A

minimal
similarly
space lattice

14

26
Q

Crystal Structures

A. Simple Cubic

B. Body Centered Cubic

C. Face Centered Cubic

____ > atoms at corners and one atom located at the center of the cube

____ > in addition to corners, there are also atoms located on the faces of the cube

A

body centered

face centered

27
Q

Crystal Structures

Body centered cubic (BCC) eg. ____

Face centered cubic (FCC) eg. ____
Hexagonal close packed (HCP) eg. ____

Important in the formation of alloys (mixing two metals); same ____ > more likely to mix (into an alloy)

A

Fe
Au, Ag, Pd
Ti

crystal structure

28
Q

14 Bravais Lattices

Each point has
____
surroundings in
three dimensions

A

identical

29
Q

Non Crystalline Structure

____ materials
Random arrangement of atoms (____ & some ____)

____ are an example of a crystalline structure (ordered)

A

amorphous
polymers
ceramics

metals

30
Q

Noncrystalline and Crystalline Network of Atoms (SiO2)

Some materials can exist in a crystalline and non-crystalline >
____

in glass (\_\_\_\_ form of silica), it can exist in a relatively
\_\_\_\_ structure. OR it can exist in an \_\_\_\_ structure in
materials like quartz (\_\_\_\_ form of silica)
A 
silica
amorphous
disordered
ordered
crystalline
31
Q

Non-crystalline Structure

  • Effect of solvent
    on chain
    ____ in a
    Polymer molecule

Typical noncrystalline polymers would have
a ____ arrangement of polymer chains. If
you have a polymer chain entangled like
this, if you add a ____ to it you can have
it open up. The idea is that the structure is
random and noncrystalline.

Better solvent and higher temp > less entangled

A

entanglements

random
solvent

32
Q

Tg vs Tm

Arrangement of atoms leads to certain properties in materials; for metals (crystalline) > heat it > you see the plot on the right: volume increases ____ as metal expands (upon heating), and as you continue you approach melting temperature and the temp remains ____ as it changes to liquid, and once it is completely liquified the ____ begins increasing again

Amorphous/non-crystalline (wax, polymer; left plot) > as you heat, ____ expands > reach ____ temperature > rapid change in volume ____

Amorphous materials have a
____,
while crystalline materials have a
____.*

A

slowly
constant
temperature

slowly
glass-transition
immediately

glass-transition temperature (Tg)
fixed melting temperature (Tm)

33
Q

Surface Energy

Density and nature of unsatisfied bonds at ____ of a material

High surface energy promotes ____

Solid material with ordered arrangement; ____ atoms in a state of high energy > surface energy (interior atoms are satisfied)

Important because of ____ materials; if high surface energy material, it promotes “wetting”

A

surface
wetting
unsatisfied
adhering

34
Q

Wetting/Contact Angles

Low contact angle = ____ wetting

High contact angle = ____ wetting

Solid material, drop of liquid > the liquid appears to spread over the surface; place a ____ and measure angle between liquid and solid > wetting/contact angle

A

good
poor
tangent

35
Q

Wetting

The degree of spreading of a liquid on a ____ surface

Contact angles - Measure of degree of wetting

< 90o - ____ wetting
> 90o - ____ wetting
0o - ____ wetting

A

solid
good
poor
complete

36
Q

Wetting in Dentistry

  • ____ materials on teeth
  • ____ layer removal
    ○ Tooth dust collects on surface of tooth that you are restoring; the surface is now covered by debris; if this is present and trying to bond it can prevent proper ____ of surface
  • ____ and ____ bonding
    ○ Similar to smear layer mechanism; want a high surface energy in order to optimize bonding and the spread of bonding material to spread (wetting)
A 
impression
smear
bonding/wetting
enamel
dentin

Dental Materials (7 decks)

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