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Human Anatomy > 1: Introduction to Anatomy > Flashcards

1: Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology

A

Anatomy is the structure of the body and physiology is the function, however, in many cases the structure and function go hand in hand

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2
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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3
Q

Describe the chemical level of structural organization

A

“Letters”. Involves atoms, the smallest unit that can be involved in chemical reactions. They combine to form molecules. C, H, O, N, P (phosphorous), and Ca are essential atoms for life. DNA and glucose are examples of molecules.

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4
Q

Describe the cellular level of structural organization

A

“Words”. Molecules combine to form cells, the smallest unit of life. Examples of cells are muscle fibres, nerve cells, and blood cells.

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5
Q

Describe the tissue level of structural organization

A

“Sentences”. Cells that perform a common function make up a tissue.

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

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7
Q

Describe the organ level of structural organization

A

“Paragraphs”. 2 or more tissues form a discrete structure with a specific function and recognizable shape.

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8
Q

Describe the system level of structural organization

A

“Chapter”. 2 or more organs work together for a common purpose.

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9
Q

Describe the organismal level of structural organization

A

This is the result of all the simpler levels working in unison. Makes a complete functioning organism.

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10
Q

How many systems make up the organismal level and list them

A

11: MURDERS LINC

Muscular
Urinary
Respiratory
Digestive
Endocrine
Reproductive
Skeletal
Lymphatic/Immune
Integumentary
Nervous
Cardiovascular

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11
Q

List the main components and functions of the integumentary system

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil (sebaceous) glands, sensation receptors, and a subcutaneous layer.

Protects and synthesizes Vitamin D, regulates temp, eliminates some waste, stores fat for insulation

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12
Q

List the main components and functions of the skeletal system

A

Bones, joints and cartilage.

Supports and protects, framework, stores calcium and phosphorous, permits movement in conjunction with muscles, produces erythrocytes in red bone marrow, stores energy in the form of mineral and as lipids in yellow marrow.

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13
Q

List the main components and functions of the muscular system

A

Skeletal muscle (attached to bone), smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Manipulation of environment, movement, communication and locomotion, posture, moves things like air and blood through body, produces heat through movement and shivering.

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14
Q

List the main components of the nervous system and its main functions

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes and ears.

Action potentials to regulate activities, controls body systems, responds to internal and external changes via muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

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15
Q

List the main components and functions of the endocrine system

A

Hormone producing glands: hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, parathyroid gland, adrenal (suprarenal) gland, pancreas, testis, ovaries. Other tissues that contain hormone-producing cells in several other organs.

Secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.

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16
Q

List the main components and functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Blood, blood vessels, and heart.

Transport and circulate blood, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, and nutrients and waste, regulates temperature through capillaries, protects against blood loss

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17
Q

List the main components and functions of the lymphatic/immunity systems

A

Lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells of immunity including T-cells, B-cells, NKC, dendritic cells, and macrophages.

Returns fluids and proteins leaked from blood vessels back to the circulatory system, carries lipids from GI to blood, absorbs lipids into lacteals (lymphatic vessels that absorb dietary fats) in the small intestine, uses WBC (lymphocytes) to attack invaders and protect against pathogens.

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18
Q

List the main components and functions of the respiratory system

A

Lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchi.

Supplies blood with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide from blood, balances the acid-base of body fluids by eliminating CO2 from blood, provides airflow for speech

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19
Q

List the main components and functions of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (carries food from throat to stomach), liver, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

Takes in food, digests into nutrients via mechanical and chemical breakdown, absorbs nutrients into the blood and lymph, compacts leftover matter into feces and reabsorbs water, eliminates fecal waste

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20
Q

List the main components and functions of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Produces, stores and eliminates urine (nitrogenous waste), maintains mineral balance, secretes enzyme renin (controls BP, sodium, and potassium, secreted by kidneys) and hormone erythropoietin (stimulates production of RBCs, synthesized in kidneys), regulates production of RBCs, regulates blood volume, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of fluids, regulates chemical composition of blood, activates vitamin D

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21
Q

List the main components and functions of the reproductive system.

A

Female: Mammary glands, uterine tube, uterus, ovaries, vagina, clitoris. Male: penis, testis, ductis deferens, seminal vessicles, prostrate, epididymis.

Produce offspring, ovaries produce eggs (gametes) and female sex hormones, testes produce sperm (gametes) and male sex hormones, mammary glands produce milk.

22
Q

What are the 6 main life processes?

A

Metabolism, responsiveness, reproduction, growth, differentiation, movement.

23
Q

Depiction of anatomical regions

A
24
Q

List the 8 groups of anatomical directions

A

1) ventral/dorsal and anterior/posterior
2) cranial/caudal and superior/inferior
3) medial/lateral
4) proximal/distal
5) superficial/deep and internal/external
6) ipsilateral/contralateral
7) intermediate
8) rostral

25
Q

List the sections and planes of the body

A

Sagittal- midsagittal or median and parasagittal or paramedian

Coronal or frontal

Transverse or horizontal or cross-sectional

Oblique

26
Q

Name the two regional terms for the main parts of the body that contain different structures and which structures are included in each

A

Axial region - head, neck, trunk

Appendicular region - limbs attached to axis

27
Q

What are the 6 general regional body parts and what do they encompass (in general)?

A

Head (cranial cavity bones and facial bones), neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis), upper limb (attached by pectoral girdle), lower limb (attached by pelvic girdle), groin (where trunk attaches to thighs)

28
Q

What are the two main body cavities, and what are they divided into?

A

Posterior cavity - cranial cavity and vertebral canal which holds spinal cord and beginning of spinal nerves.

Ventral cavity - thoracic cavity (2 pleural cavities and the mediastinum with the pericardial cavity, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels)
and abdominopelvic cavity -abdominal cavity (liver, stomach, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine), and pelvic cavity - (bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum, portions of large intestine)

29
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Thin sheets of tissue that line cavities and organs, a double membrane that contains serous fluid which decreases friction and allows for smooth movement of organs

30
Q

Where are serous membranes found in the human body?

A

In ventral cavities, specifically the pleura (lungs) in the thoracic cavity, the pericardium (heart) in mediastinum within thoracic, and the peritoneum in the abdominopelvic cavity.

31
Q

What is the serous membrane called if it lines the outer wall of the cavity? If it lines the inner wall that surrounds the organ?

A

Outer wall of cavity - parietal serosa

Organ - visceral serosa

32
Q

What is a serous cavity?

A

The space in between the two layers of serous membrane that is filled with serous fluid

33
Q

Aside from the already listed cavities in the body, what are some other more minor ones?

A

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, and synovial (joints)

34
Q

List the intraperitoneal organs

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, jejunum and ileum, cecum, appendix, tranverse colon

35
Q

What are organs called if they’re not surrounded by the peritoneum and list them

A

Retroperitoneum - kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colons, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava

36
Q

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants and what are they most commonly used for?

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

They are commonly used by clinicians to describe site of pain, etc

37
Q

List the 9 abdominopelvic regions

A

Right hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Right iliac (inguinal)

Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric

Left hypochondriac
Left lumbar
Left iliac (inguinal)

Hector Every
Loves Unceasing
Isabel Hour

38
Q

What lines divide the 9 abdominopelvic regions into sections?

A

Two vertical midclavicular lines and two horizontal lines - the subcostal plane (superior) under 10th rib and the transtubercular plane (inferior) just above hip bones

39
Q

List the main organs found in the right hypochondriac region

A

Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, (and portions of small and large intestine)

40
Q

List the main organs found in the epigastric region

A

Liver, stomach, duodenum, (part of gallbladder), pancreas, adrenal glands, (part of spleen, and a little transverse colon)

41
Q

List the main organs in the left hypochondriac region

A

Stomach, spleen, left kidney, transcending and descending colon, (small intestine, tail of pancreas, tip of liver)

42
Q

List the main organs in the right lumbar (lateral) region

A

Ascending colon, cecum?, right kidney, small intestine

43
Q

List the main organs in the umbilical region

A

Transverse colon, small intestine, major blood vessels, (duodenum)

44
Q

List the main organs in the left lumbar (lateral) region

A

Descending colon, left kidney, small intestine

45
Q

List the main organs in the right iliac (inguinal) region

A

Cecum, appendix, small intestine, (ascending colon)

46
Q

List the main organs in the hypogastric region

A

Small intestine, bladder, reproductive organs, sigmoid colon

47
Q

List the main organs in the left iliac (inguinal) region

A

Small intestine, sigmoid and descending colon

48
Q

List the organs found in the RUQ

A

Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, right adrenal gland, pancreas, transverse colon, small intestine

49
Q

List the organs found in the LUQ

A

Liver, stomach, left kidney, left adrenal gland, pancreas, transverse colon, small intestine, spleen

50
Q

List the organs in the RLQ

A

Small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendix, right ureter, right reproductive organs

51
Q

List the organs in the LLQ

A

Small intestine, large intestine, left ureter, left reproductive organs, sigmoid colon

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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