1: Introduction to A&P

Question 1

What are some characteristics of living things?

Answer 1

• organization
• metabolism
• evolution
• growth & development
• responsiveness
• regulation
• reproduction

Question 2

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

Answer 2

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. Organ system level
6. Organism level

Question 3

What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

Answer 3

1. Integumentary
2. Skeleton
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Urinary
10. Digestive
11. Reproductive

Question 4

Anatomical position, body planes, & body sections

Answer 4

a. sagittarius plane (split into left and right)
b. frontal plane (front and back)
c. transverse plane (top and bottom)

Question 5

body directions

Answer 5

word bank: distal, proximal, superior, inferior, midline, medial, lateral, anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, superficial, deep

Question 6

Body regions (a)

Answer 6

word bank: cephalic,

Question 7

body regions (b)

Question 8

body regions (c)

Question 9

body regions (d)

Question 10

regional terms

Question 11

the anterior and posterior body cavities

Question 12

four quadrants and one regions

Question 13

the serous membranes

Question 14

homeostasis

Answer 14

All body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment
- systems respond to external and internal changes to keep variable within normal ranges (body temperature, fluid balance)

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of
- Receptor: receives the stimulus
- Control center: processes the signal and sends instructions
-Effector: Carries out instructions

Question 15

positive feedback

Answer 15

A variable produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions.
The body is further away from reaching homeostasis, normal range is not maintained.

Ex. During child labor, when the fetus’s head presses up on the cervix the body releases oxytocin which stimulates muscle contractions that push the baby closer to the cervix and so more oxytocin is released and as more oxytocin is released more contractions occur.

Question 16

negative feedback

Answer 16

A variable is counteracted so the body can be brought back to homoeostasis (normal body physiological range is maintained)

ex. Your body’s response to a hot and sunny day would be to produce sweat to cool you down.

People with type 1 diabetes produce little to no insulin from their pancreases, this is an example of negative feedback that isn’t working.

Question 17

cell

Answer 17

1. plasma membrane
   - phospholipid - creates a bilayer that is mostly hydrophobic that acts as a barrier to block substances from entering/exiting
   - membrane proteins - transport molecules across bilayer
2. cytoplasm
   - cytoskeleton - thick jelly like fluid
   - organelles:
   rough & smooth ER - rough ER studded with ribosomes that make proteins that are then sent to a different location through vesicles. smooth ER involved in synthesis of lipids (cholesterol & phospholipids) and secretion of steroid hormones
   golgi apparatus - further modification of a protein
   lysosomes - clean trash
   mitochondria - powerhouse of cell, recharges ADP into ATP
   ribosomes - make proteins
   centrosome - aid cell in cell division
3. nucleus
   - nuclear envelope
   - nucleolus
   - DNA // Chromatin // Chromosome
4. Cell division
   Mitosis: PMAT
   prophase, (prometaphase), metaphase, anaphase, telaphase
   Cytokinesis: daughter cell splits into two identical daughter cells