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PSYC1060 > 1. Introduction, Ethics and Methods > Flashcards

1. Introduction, Ethics and Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is tested on in biopsychology?

A

human participants and non-human subjects.

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2
Q

What are the advantages of animal research?

A

-brain and behaviour of other animals simpler than humans.
-comparative approach studying: how having different biological systems can allow for different cognitive abilities.
-allows for research that is not ethical for humans

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of animal research?

A

-humans are more efficient subjects (faster to learn, cheaper).
-using humans is the best way to understand humans.
-ethical reasons.

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4
Q

What are the 3Rs of animal experimentation?

A

reduction, refinement, replacement

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5
Q

reduction

A

techniques that satisfy the researchers goals whilst inflicting the minimum amount of harm. the minimum amount of subjects used.

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6
Q

refinement

A

striving to refine techniques to maximise the balance between potential benefits and minimising harm.

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7
Q

replacement

A

only using invasive techniques if non or less invasive techniques do not exist (development of non invasive techniques should always be worked towards).

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8
Q

Current UK Law - Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986

A
  • strict regulation of all research involving vertebrates as well as cot ephalopods (e.g octopus).
  • banned all research on great apes.
  • research on other primates along with dogs, cats and horses can only be authorised of no other animal (such as mice) is able to be used.
  • UK law seen as Gold Standard in this area and rolled out across the EU in 2013.
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9
Q

personal license

A

given to individuals allowing them to perform approved procedures within the research programme

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10
Q

How many levels of licensing is there in animal research

A

3

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11
Q

establishment license

A

for the entire institution

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12
Q

project license

A

cover the administration of the specific research programme

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13
Q

Contrast X-ray

A
  • substance that absorbs x-rays is injected
    into a compartment of the brain.
  • improves the contrast between the injected compartment and surrounding tissue.
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14
Q

Cerebral Angiography

A
  • Radio-opaque dye is infused via the cerebral
    artery.
  • This enables the identification of vascular damage.
  • Displaced blood vessels can also indicate the location of potential tumours.
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15
Q

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-Scan)

A
  • X-Ray tubes and detectors rotate around the head and produce many individual x-ray photographs of a brain section.
  • Generally the process is repeated for 8-9 sections and a computer-generated 3-D picture of the brain is produced
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16
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • Hydrogen atoms produce distinct waves when exposed to a
    magnetic field.
  • High resolution images are produced by measuring these waves.
  • Can be used to construct both 2-D and 3-D images.
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17
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET-Scan)

A
  • radioactive markers are injected into the carotid artery
  • cannot be metabolised therefore accumulate in active neurons.
  • a map of the brain is produced.
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18
Q

PET pros

A
  • Produces functional brain images.
  • Not as susceptible to motion artefacts as fMRI.
  • Looking at actual biomechanical process.
19
Q

PET cons

A
  • Lower spatial resolution than fMRI
  • Poor temporal resolution
  • Very expensive
  • Limited number of scans per subject due to radiation
20
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Measures changes in up blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response. This is a proxy for energy used by brain cells.

21
Q

fMRI pros

A

No injections needed.
- Structural and functional information is present in the same image.
- Better spatial resolution.
- Can produce whole-brain information.

22
Q

fMRI cons

A
  • Hard to interpret.
  • Poor temporal resolution.
23
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A
  • A variation of MRI based on mapping the
    diffusion of water molecules within the brain.
  • Allows production of images of the major tracts within the brain.
  • Allows the study of neural connections within the brain.
24
Q

DTI pros

A
  • no limitation on imaging depth
  • can determine degeneration, lesions and damage of axons
25
Q

DTI cons

A

sensitive to noise

26
Q

Functioning Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)

A
  • fNIRS measurements are carried out by transmitting NIR light onto the scalp and using the spectrum of reflect light to detect blood oxygen levels (BOLD).
  • Has limited spatial scope compared to fMRI.
  • But is much less sensitive to movement artifacts.
  • Allows for wireless portable brain imaging.
27
Q

Skin conductance responses

A
  • Our skin conducts electricity and this can change in
    response to emotional changes.
  • SCR are the most commonly used indicator of changes in skin conductance.
  • An increase in SCR is usually associated with emotional thoughts and experiences.
28
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A
  • Scalp electrodes can record the electrical
    activity of the brain.
  • Changes in electrical activity in response to some event can be inferred by computing the signal-to-noise ratio.
29
Q

EEG pros

A
  • High temporal resolution (ms)
  • Mobile, can remain in natural environment.
  • Affordable.
30
Q

EEG cons

A
  • Measures deeper activity poorly
  • Poor spatial Resolution due to tissue distortion.
  • Lengthy and difficult preparation.
  • Signal: noise ratio is poor
31
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A
  • Records magnetic fields produced by electrical
    currents in the brain.
  • Can analyse either the sensor data (magnetic field) or the underlying currents that generated the magnetic field (estimated currents).
32
Q

MEG pros

A
  • High Temporal Resolution (ms)
  • Magnetic field passes through tissues undistorted.
  • Better spatial resolution than EEG
33
Q

MEG cons

A
  • mostly cortical
  • poor
34
Q

Why do we use multimodal approaches?

A
35
Q

Brain stimulation

A
36
Q

Electrophysiological recording

A
37
Q

Lesions: Aspiration? Radiofrequency? Knife cuts? Reversible lesions?

A
38
Q

Why is interpreting lesions difficult?

A
39
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A
40
Q

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)

A
41
Q

General approaches?

A
42
Q

Types of tests?

A
43
Q

Species typical behaviour?

A
44
Q

Semi-natural paradigms?

A

PSYC1060 (2 decks)

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