1: introduction, basics Flashcards
anatomy
study of the structure
regional anatomy
structures in one part of the body
systemic anatomy
groups of structures that work together to perform body function
surface anatomy
study of external features of the body
regional, systemic, and surface anatomy are subunits of
gross/macroscopic anatomy
cytology
study of the cell
histology
study of tissues
cytology and histology are subunits of
microscopic anatomy
embryology
study of developmental changes of the body before birth
pathological anatomy
study of changes caused by disesae
radiographic anatomy
study of structures visualized by x-ray
molecular biology
study of anatomical structures at a molecular level
physiology
functions of body
structural organization
atoms
molecules
tissues
organ
organ system
organism
homeostasis
maintaining stable equilibrium
what factors maintain homeostasis?
chemical, thermal, neural
anatomical position
body erect
feet slightly apart
palms facing forward
thumbs pointing away from body
superior (cranial)
toward head
inferior (caudal)
towards feet
anterior (ventral)
front
posterior (dorsal)
back
medial
toward midline
lateral
away from midline
proximal
closer to origin point
distal
farther from origin point
superficial
toward body surface
deep
away from body surface
axial region
head, neck, trunk
appendicular region
appendages/limbs
nasal
nose
oral
mouth
frontal
forehead
orbital
eye
buccal
cheek
mental
chin
acromial
point of shoulder
sternal
breastbone
axillary
armpit
thoracic
chest
mammary
breast
abdominal
abdomen
umbilical
navel
brachial
arm
antecubital
front of elbow
antebrachial
forearm
carpal
wrist
pollex
thumb
palmar
palm
digital
fingers
pelvic
pelvis
coxal
hip
inguinal
groin
pubic
genital region
femoral
thigh
patellar
anterior knee
crural
leg
fibular/peroneal
side of leg
pedal
foot
tarsal
ankle
digital
toes
hallux
great toe
cephalic
head, posterior
otic
ear, posterior
occipital
back of head, neck
vertebral
spinal column
dorsum, dorsal
back
olecranal
back of elbow
lumbar
loin
sacral
between hips
gluteal
buttock
perineal
region between anus and external genitalia
popliteal
back of knee
sural
calf
calcaneal
heel
plantar
sole
sagittal
body divided into left and right
midsagittal
plane lying on the midline
frontal/coronal
body divided to anterior/posterior
transverse/horizontal
body divided to superior and inferior
oblique section
diagonal cuts
dorsal cavity
protects nervous system
dorsal cavity subdivision
cranial, vertebral
cranial cavity
within skull, includes brain
vertebral cavity
vertebral column, encases spinal cord
ventral cavity
houses internal organs (viscera)
ventral cavity subdivisions
thoracic and abdominopelvic
thoracic cavity subdivisions
pleural, mediastinum, pericardial
pleural cavity
houses lungs
mediastinum
between lungs; includes heart, esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels
pericardial cavity
heart
abdominopelvic cavity
separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
abdominopelvic subdivisions
abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.
pelvic cavity
within pelvis, contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
ventral body cavity membranes
parietal serosa, visceral serosa
parietal serosa
lines internal body walls
visceral serosa
covers internal organs
serous fluid
separates serosae
abdominopelvic regions
umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric (public), hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac/inguinal
abdominopelvic quadrants
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
metabolism
internal chemical changes
anabolism
synthesis
catabolism
digestion
physiological variation
sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity
negative feedback
allows for dynamic equilibrium within limited range around set point
receptor
senses change in body
integrating (control) center
processes sensory information, makes “decision”, directs response
effector
cell/organ carrying out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
integumentary system
external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; vitamin D synthesis; cutaneous receptors; sweat and oil glands
skeletal system
protects and supports body organs; provides framework for muscles to cause movement; blood cells form within bones; mineral storage
muscular system
manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression; posture; heat production
nervous system
control system of body; responds to internal and external changes in activating muscles and glands
endocrine system
glands secrete hormones that regular processes like growth, reproduction, metabolism
cardiovascular system
blood vessels transport blood, carries oxygen, co2, nutrients, wastes, etc.
lymphatic system
returns leaked fluid from blood vessels into blood; disposes debris; white blood cells; attacks against foreign substances
respiratory system
blood constantly supplied oxygen, removes co2; exchange occurs through walls of lungs’ air sacs
digestive system
breaks down food into units that enter blood for distribution to body cells; creates feces
urinary system
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
male reproductive system
offspring production; testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands deliver sperm to FRT
female reproductive system
ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone; structure serves as a site for fertilization and fetus development; mammary glands produce milk
