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BIOL2764 Physiology of Plants > 1. Introduction and Plant Anatomy Review > Flashcards

1. Introduction and Plant Anatomy Review Flashcards

1
Q

main parts of plant anatomy

A

plant structure (primary and secondary growth) –> leaf structure –> stem structure –> root structure (monocots vs dicots)

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2
Q

physiology of plants are

A

angiosperms which can be either dicots vs monocots

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3
Q

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an example of a

A

dicot

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4
Q

Rhoeo (tradescantia spathacea) is an example of a

A

monocot

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5
Q

the morphology of a plant structure is its

A

external shape

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6
Q

diagram of a external shape of a plant shoot and root

A

page 2

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7
Q

what is the shoot of the plant and where is it found

A

the shoot of the plant is the leaf and stem and it is found above ground

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8
Q

what is the root of the plant and where is it found

A

the root of the plant is found below ground in the rhizosphere

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9
Q

leaf in plants can be either

A

simple leaf or compound leaf

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10
Q

parts of a simple leaf

A

node and internode

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11
Q

what is a node

A

those points on the stem at which leaves or buds arises

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12
Q

what is a internodes

A

the regions of the stem between the nodes

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13
Q

the upper surface of the leaf can be either the

A

adaxial surface or dorsal surface

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14
Q

parts of the upper surface of the leaf

A

midrib
leaf veins
lamina (blade)
leaf petiole

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15
Q

diagram of the upper surface of the leaf

A

page 3

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16
Q

what is a meristem

A

a collection of undifferentiated cells that can divide and become other specialized types of cells in the plant.

Meristem tissue is important because it allows for plants to grow and repair damaged tissue.

For example, the buds on the ends of leaves are the product of the meristem.

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17
Q

Leaf meristem is the

A

Leaf primordium / Growing point

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18
Q

Shoot apical meristem:

A

Shoot apex
Growing point

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19
Q

Axillary meristem:

A

Bud
Growing point

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20
Q

shoot apex is the

A

shoot apical meristem

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21
Q

dicots new leaves and roots

A

shoot apex - shoot apical meristem

and root apical meristem

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22
Q

monocots new leaves and roots

A

new leaves emerge from stem

shoot basal meristem (Intercalary meris

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23
Q

internal meristems:

A

Vascular cambium Pericycle

Pericycle cells function to support, protect, and functionally assist xylem and phloem cells

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24
Q

where is the bud or growing point on a plant

A

at the axillary meristem

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25
Q

where is the shoot apex or growing point on a plant

A

at the shoot apical meristem

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26
Q

where is the leaf primordium or growing point on the leaf

A

at the leaf meristem

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27
Q

root apical meristems are seen in

A

dicots

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28
Q

shoot basal meristem (intercalary meristem) is seen in

A

monocots

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29
Q

in monocots new leaves emerge from

A

the stem

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30
Q

cotyledon

A

first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

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31
Q

the 3 levels of tissues in the leaf

A

leaf epidermis
stem epidermis
root epidermis

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32
Q

diagram of leaf structure anatomy

A

page 7 #1

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33
Q

leaf cross section diagram

A

page 7 #2

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34
Q

epidermis is

A

what covers the entire plant
protects the plant from infection and water loss
regulates gas exchange in plant cells

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35
Q

stomata

A

tiny openings on the epidermis of leaves
gaseous exchange and photosynthesis
controls transpiration rate by opening and closing

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36
Q

Despite their great diversity in form and size, all plants
carry out

A

physiological processes

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37
Q

As primary producers, plants convert

A

solar energy to chemical energy.

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38
Q

Being nonmotile, plants must

A

grow toward light, and they must have efficient vascular systems for movement of water, mineral nutrients, and photosynthetic products throughout the plant body.

Green land plants must also have mechanisms for avoiding desiccation

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39
Q

The major vegetative organ systems of seed plants are

A

the shoot and the root.

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40
Q

The shoot consists of two types of
organs:

A

stems and leaves.

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41
Q

Unlike animal development, plant growth is indeterminate because of the presence of

A

permanent meristem tissue at the shoot and root apices,
which gives rise to new tissues and organs during the
entire vegetative phase of the life cycle.

Lateral meristems (the vascular cambium and the cork cambium) produce growth in girth, or secondary growth

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42
Q

Lateral meristems (the vascular cambium and the cork cambium) produce

A

growth in girth, or secondary growth

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43
Q

Three major tissue systems are recognized:

A

dermal tissue
ground tissue and
vascular tissue.
Each of these tissues contains a variety of cell types specialized for different functions.

44
Q

Plants are eukaryotes and have the typical eukaryotic
cell organization, consisting of

A

nucleus and cytoplasm.
The nuclear genome directs the growth and development of
the organism.
The cytoplasm is enclosed by a plasma membrane and contains numerous membrane-enclosed organelles, including plastids, mitochondria, microbodies, oleosomes, and a large central vacuole.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are semiautonomous organelles that contain their own DNA.

Nevertheless, most of their proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA and are imported from the cytosol

45
Q

The nuclear genome of plans directs

A

the growth and development of the organism.

46
Q

The cytoplasm in plants is enclosed by

A

a plasma membrane and contains numerous membrane-enclosed organelles, including plastids, mitochondria, microbodies, oleosomes, and a large central vacuole.

47
Q

which are semiautonomous organelles that contain their own DNA.

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

48
Q

most of plant proteins are encoded by

A

nuclear DNA and are imported from the cytosol

49
Q

The cytoskeletal components—microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments—participate in a variety of processes involving

A

intracellular movements, such as
mitosis
cytoplasmic streamin
secretory vesicle transport
cell plate formation
cellulose microfibril deposition.

50
Q

The cytoskeletal components are

A

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

51
Q

The process by which cells reproduce is called

A

the cell cycle.

52
Q

The cell cycle consists of

A

the G1, S, G2, and M phases.

53
Q

The transition from one phase to another in the cells cycle is regulated by

A

cyclin-dependent protein kinases.
CDKs

54
Q

The activity of the CDKs in the cell cycle is regulated by

A

cyclins and by protein phosphorylation.

55
Q

During cytokinesis, the phragmoplast gives rise to

A

the cell plate in a multistep process that involves vesicle fusion.

56
Q

After cytokinesis,

A

primary cell walls are deposited.

57
Q

The cytosol of adjacent cells is continuous through the cell walls because of

A

the presence of membrane-lined channels called plasmodesmata, which play a role in cell–cell communication

58
Q

cells are the basic building blocks that define

A

plant structure.

59
Q

As Earth’s primary producers, green plants are the ultimate solar collectors. They harvest the energy of sunlight by

A

converting light energy to chemical energy, which they store in bonds formed when they synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water

60
Q

Terrestrial plants are structurally reinforced to support their mass as they

A

grow toward sunlight against the pull of gravity

61
Q

Terrestrial plants lose water continuously by evaporation and have evolved mechanisms for avoiding

A

desiccation

62
Q

The primary function of a leaf is

A

photosynthesis,

63
Q

the plant stem is support, and that the root is

A

anchorage and absorption of water and minerals.

64
Q

There are two categories of seed plants:

A

gymnosperms - less advanced, 700 species known
The largest group of gymnosperms is the
conifers (“cone-bearers”), which include such commercially
important forest trees as pine, fir, spruce, and redwood.

Angiosperms, the more advanced type of seed plant,
first became abundant during the Cretaceous period, about
100 million years ago.
Today, they dominate the landscape,
easily out competing the gymnosperms.
About 250,000 species are knownThe major innovation of the angiosperms is the
flower; hence they are referred to as flowering plants

65
Q

The major innovation of the angiosperms is the

A

flower; hence they are referred to as flowering plants

66
Q

A fundamental difference between plants and animals is
that each plant cell is

A

is surrounded by a rigid cell wall.

67
Q

In animals, embryonic cells can migrate from one location to
another, resulting in the development of tissues and organs
containing cells that originated in different parts of the
organism.
In plants, such cell migrations are prevented because

A

each walled cell and its neighbor are cemented together by
a middle lamella. As a consequence, plant development unlike animal development, depends solely on patterns of
cell division and cell enlargement.

68
Q

Plant cells have two types of walls:

A

primary and secondary
Primary cell walls are typically thin (less than 1 µm) and are characteristic of young, growing cells.

Secondary cell walls are thicker and stronger than primary walls and are deposited when most cell enlargement has ended.

69
Q

Secondary cell walls owe their strength
and toughness to

A

lignin, a brittle, gluelike material

The evolution of lignified secondary cell walls provided
plants with the structural reinforcement necessary to grow
vertically above the soil and to colonize the land.

Bryophytes, which lack lignified cell walls, are unable to
grow more than a few centimeters above the ground

70
Q

The evolution of lignified secondary cell walls provided
plants with

A

the structural reinforcement necessary to grow
vertically above the soil and to colonize the land.

71
Q

Bryophytes, which lack lignified cell walls, are unable to

A

grow more than a few centimeters above the ground

72
Q

Plant growth is concentrated in localized regions of cell
division called

A

meristems.

73
Q

Nearly all nuclear divisions (mitosis) and cell divisions (cytokinesis) in plants occur in

A

meristematic regions.

74
Q

In a young plant, the most active meristems are called

A

apical meristems; they are located at the tips of the stem and the root

75
Q

apical meristems are located at

A

the tips of the stem and the root

76
Q

At the nodes, axillary buds contain

A

the apical meristems for branch shoots.

77
Q

Lateral roots arise from the

A

pericycle, an internal meristematic tissue

78
Q

Proximal to (i.e., next to) and overlapping the meristematic regions are

A

zones of cell elongation in which cells increase dramatically
in length and width.

79
Q

Cells usually differentiate into specialized types after they

A

elongate.

80
Q

upper epidermis

A

found directly below the cuticle.

helps protect the leaf by aiding in preventing water loss and providing an extra layer between the outside and inside of the leaf

81
Q

palisade mesophyll layer is

A

where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf.

The palisade cells contain a lot of chloroplasts to help them perform this photosynthesis.

The palisade cells are closely packed together to maximize light absorption.

82
Q

The spongy mesophyll’s function is to

A

allow for the interchange of gases (CO^2) that are needed for photosynthesis.

The spongy mesophyll cells are less likely to go through photosynthesis than those in the palisade mesophyll.

83
Q

xylem function

A

Xylem moves water from the roots upward to the leaves or shoots to be used in photosynthesis

also delivers dissolved minerals and growth factors to cells through passive transport.

Support - Xylem provides structure and support in stems and branches and is the main component of wood.

84
Q

Phloem is the vascular plant tissue responsible for

A

the transport and distribution of sugars produced by the photosynthesis

85
Q

The lower epidermis of a leaf contains

A

stomata and guard cells that allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf, and oxygen and excess water to exit the leaf.

86
Q

stomata

A

Stomata allow for gas exchange to occur, mainly carbon dioxide to enter the plant to make food molecules such as glucose and for oxygen to be released by the plant.

It also allows water vapor to escape the plant via transpiration which is a necessary evil.

Plants need to open and close the stomata

87
Q

guard cell function

A

Guard cells are cells surrounding each stoma.

They help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata.

Light is the main trigger for the opening or closing.

Each guard cell has a relatively thick and thinner cuticle on the pore-side and a thin one opposite it

88
Q

diagram of the stomata

A

page 8

89
Q

The phase of plant development that gives rise to new
organs and to the basic plant form is called

A

primary growth.

90
Q

primary growth is the

A

phase of plant development that gives rise to new
organs and to the basic plant form

where new tissue is created through cell division and expansion

91
Q

Primary growth results from the activity of apical
meristems, in which cell division is followed by progressive cell enlargement, typically elongation. After elongation in a given region is complete,

A

secondary growth may occur.

92
Q

secondary growth uses

A

cell division and expansion to thicken tissue that is already present

93
Q

Secondary growth involves two lateral meristems:

A

the vascular cambium (plural cambia) and the cork cambium.

The vascular cambium gives rise to secondary xylem
(wood) and secondary phloem.

The cork cambium produces the periderm, consisting mainly of cork cells

94
Q

vascular cambium is the meristem to allow

A

lateral expansion

95
Q

cork cambium is the meristem found in some plants that form a

A

protective peridem (bark)

96
Q

diagram of a stem

A

page 9 #1

97
Q

diagram of a stem cross section primary growth

A

page 9 #2

98
Q

diagram of a stem cross section secondary growth

A

page 10

99
Q

diagram stem longitudinal section

A

page 11 #1

100
Q

diagram xylem tracheids

A

page 11 #2

101
Q

simple pits are

A

porous regions including pit pairs and pit membranes

102
Q

diagram xylem vessel elements

A

page 12 #1

103
Q

diagram phloem sieve tube elements

A

page 12 #2

104
Q

diagram of a root

A

page 13 #1

105
Q

diagram of a root cross section

A

page 13 #2

BIOL2764 Physiology of Plants (5 decks)

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