1. Introduction & Anatomy of Respiratory Block

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory system ?

Answer 1

Gas exchnage - O2 added to blood, CO2 removed Acid base balance- regulation of body pH Protection from infection Communication via speech

Question 2

Why is gas exchange important ?

Answer 2

needed to produce energy by using O2 and disposing of CO2 (waste product)

Question 3

What is the respiratory system important for ?

Answer 3

Getting O2 into the body and CO2 out

Question 4

Why is the integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems important ?

Answer 4

Allow the ability of tissues to transform fuel stored as chemical energy to physical energy Deliver fuel to activate cells within tissues and remove waste products

Question 5

What links the respiratory and cardiovascular systems ?

Answer 5

Gas exchange

Question 6

What is cellular/ internal respiration ?

Answer 6

Biochemical process that releases energy from glucoseLatter requires O2 and depends on : external respiration

Question 7

What is external respiration ?

Answer 7

Movement of gases between the air and the cells via both respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Question 8

What is the pulmonary circulation ?

Answer 8

Delivers CO2 to lungs Collects O2 from lungs

Question 9

What kind of blood does the pulmonary artery carry and where does it travel ?

Answer 9

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart(only artery that carries deoxygenated blood)

Question 10

What kind of blood does the pulmonary vein carry and where does it travel ?

Answer 10

Carries oxygenated blood to the heart (only vein that carries oxygenated blood)

Question 11

What is the systemic circulation ?

Answer 11

Delivers O2 to peripheral tissues Collects CO2 as waste

Question 12

What change occurs between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems when energy demand is increased by working muscles ?

Answer 12

Respiratory- increased rate and depth of breathing speeds up: substrate (O2) acquisition waste disposal (CO2)cardiovascular- increased heart rate and force of contraction speeds up: substrate delivery to muscle via blood waste removal via blood

Question 13

What is the movement of O2 during gas exchange ?

Answer 13

O2 moves from inspired air to blood at the lungs O2 moves from blood to cells at systemic capillaries

Question 14

What is the movement of CO2 during gas exchange ?

Answer 14

CO2 moves from blood to air which is expired at lungsCO2 moves from cells to blood at systemic capillaries

Question 15

What is the relationship to the Net volume of gas exchanged in lungs per unit time and the Net volume exchanged in the tissues ?

Answer 15

Equal

Question 16

what is the net volume of gas exchanged in the lungs ?

Answer 16

O2- 250ml/minCO2- 200ml/min

Question 17

What is the purpose of having equal volumes of gas exchanged between the lungs and tissues ?

Answer 17

Prevent gas build up in the circulation which would hamper has exchnage and helps to ensure that supply = demand

Question 18

What is normal respiratory rate ?

Answer 18

12-18 breaths/min at rest (can reach 40-45 at max. when exercising)

Question 19

What is the function of the nose ?

Answer 19

Where air enters, cilia and mucus traps particles and warms and moistens the air

Question 20

What is the pharynx ?

Answer 20

Air moves down into pharynx or throatshared with digestive system

Question 21

What is the Epiglottis ?

Answer 21

Small flap of tissue that folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering when swallowing

Question 22

What is the larynx ?

Answer 22

Contains the vocal chordsVibrates to produce sound

Question 23

What is the function of the trachea ?

Answer 23

Moves air from the pharynx towards the lungs

Question 24

What is the trachea composed of ?

Answer 24

Rings of cartilage to support and protect the trachea

Question 25

What is the bronchus ?

Answer 25

Where air moves from the trachea then bifurcates (sternal angle) into left and right bronchi, which lead into the lungs

Question 26

What are lungs ?

Answer 26

Main organ of respiration soft and spongy texture due to hollow sacs

Question 27

How many lobes does the right lung have ?

Answer 27

3

Question 28

How many lobes does the left lung have ?

Answer 28

2

Question 29

What fissure divides the superior and middle lobes of the right lung ?

Answer 29

Horizontal fissure

Question 30

What fissure divides the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung ?

Answer 30

Oblique fissure

Question 31

What fissure divides the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung ?

Answer 31

Oblique fissure

Question 32

What are the components of the upper respiratory system ?

Answer 32

NosePharynx EpiglottisLarynx

Question 33

What are the components of the lower respiratory system ?

Answer 33

Trachea Left and right main bronchus Left and right lungs Diaphragm

Question 34

Where do the lungs sit ?

Answer 34

Pleural cavity

Question 35

How many times does each bronchus branch ?

Answer 35

22 times, then terminating into a cluster of alveoli

Question 36

Which primary bronchi is wider ?

Answer 36

Right

Question 37

What maintains patency (open) of airways ?

Answer 37

C- shaped rings of cartilage

Question 38

What doesn't contain cartilage ?

Answer 38

Bronchioles

Question 39

How is patency of bronchioles maintained ?

Answer 39

By physical forces in the thorax

Question 40

What happens to diameter as we go down the respiratory tree ?

Answer 40

Diameter decreases

Question 41

Where is there the greatest resistance to airflow in the respiratory tree ?

Answer 41

Conducting zone (trachea, primary bronchi, smaller bronchi)contains more molecules branching increases surface area

Question 42

Where does air in the conducting zone sit ?

Answer 42

Dead space can't participate in gas exchange

Question 43

What can alter airway diameter and therefore resistance to air flow ?

Answer 43

Activity of bronchiole smooth muscle

Question 44

What is the effect of contraction and relaxation on resistance ?

Answer 44

contraction- decreases diameter = increases resistance relaxation- increases diameter = decreases resistance

Question 45

What are the function of alveoli ?

Answer 45

Gas exchange

Question 46

what surround each cluster of alveoli ?

Answer 46

Network of capillaries- allows gas exchange between respiratory and cardiovascular systems Elastic fibres- allow inflation during inspiration, release stretch energy during expiration

Question 47

What are type I cells ?

Answer 47

Site of gas exchange make up bulk of wall always adjacent to capillaries

Question 48

What are type II cells ?

Answer 48

secrete surfactant not involved in gas exchnage lie adjacent to elastic fibres

Question 49

What are alveolar macrophages ?

Answer 49

Sit between alveoli and ingest foreign material

Question 50

What is the surface area of alveoli ?

Answer 50

80m2 very thin

Question 51

Where is gas exchange only possible ?

Answer 51

Alveoli due to the very thin surface The walls of the upper airways are too thick for gases to diffuse

Question 52

What is the function of the upper airways ?

Answer 52

Conduction of air to and from alveoli (air in these airways is known as anatomical dead space as it can't participate in gas exchange)