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ESA3 - Infection > 1. Introduction > Flashcards

1. Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define infection

A

The invasion of the hosts tissues by micro-organisms causing disease and pathological response by microbial multiplication, toxin production and the host and pathogenic responses.

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2
Q

How do people contract infections?

A

From a source via an intermediary, physical contact or the environment, or via vertical transmission (mother to foetus).

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3
Q

State the steps by which an infection occurs (5)

A

Exposure, adherence, invasion, multiplication, dissemination.

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4
Q

What aids the process of infection?

What do pathogens use to help them infect?

A

Virulence factors

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5
Q

Give examples of some virulence factors

A

Cytotixins
endotoxins
exotoxins

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6
Q

Give some examples of exotoxins

A

cytolitic
AB toxins
super antigens
enzymes

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7
Q

What can host cell damage be due to?

A

Direct damage or due to host immune response

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8
Q

Name some pathogen related determinants of infection

A

Virulence factors
Inoculation size
Antimicrobial resistance

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9
Q

Name some patient related determinants of infection

A

Site of infection
General state of health
Co-morbidities

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10
Q

What should be asked when investigating an infection?

A

Is there an infection?
Where is it?
What is the cause?
What is the best treatment?

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11
Q

Name some possible supporting investigations for infection diagnosis

A 
FBC
C-reactive protein
LFTs
Kidney function tests
Imaging
Histopathology
Bacteriology
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12
Q

Give some examples of bacteriology/virology investigations

A 
Bacteriology:
Samples/specimens - swabs, fluids, tissues.
Microscopy, cultures and stain
Antibiotic susceptibility
Antigen detection
Nuclei acid detection

Virology:
Antigen/antibody detection
Viral nucleic acid detection

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13
Q

How many categories of microbes are there?

A

4

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14
Q

What are the categories of microbes?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasites

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15
Q

Describe a typical virus

A

Inside - nucleic acid (single or double stranded DNA or RNA)
Protein coat
Outer envelope sometimes
Spikes (targets for antiviral agents)

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16
Q

What is used to classify viruses?

A

Baltimore Virus Classifciation

17
Q

What does the Baltimore Virus Classification do?

A

Classes viruses I to VII depending on the type of nucleic acid present.

18
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that invades and replicates within a bacterium.

19
Q

What is the structure of a bacteriophage?

A

Head, collar and tail
DNA contained within the head
Rest is made of protein

20
Q

What are the subcategories of prokaryote?

A

Eubacteria

Archeabacteria

21
Q

Describe a typical bacteria

A

Nucleoid (circular DNA)
Plasmids. Contained within the cytoplasm
Ribosomes

Plasma membrane and cell wall surround this.
May be encapsulated.
May have flagellum for motility
Pili

22
Q

Name the shapes of bacterium

A

Coccus/cocci
Spirillus
Bacillus/bacilli aka rods

23
Q

What staining technique are most bacteria classified by?

A

Gram stain

24
Q

Which gram stain comes out purple?

A

Gram positive

25
Q

What colour does gram negative stain come out?

A

Pink/red

26
Q

How are bacteria classified by O2 tolerance?

A

Aerobes or anaerobes.

May be obligate or facultative.

27
Q

What does facultative mean wrt o2 tolerance?

A

That the bacteria can thrive in either environment and survive.

28
Q

What are the two categories of fungi?

A

Yeasts and moulds

29
Q

What kind of organisms are yeasts?

A

Single celled

30
Q

What kind of organism are moulds?

A

Multicellular

31
Q

What are the 2 categories of parasites?

A

Protozoa and Helminths

32
Q

Example of helminths

A

Worms

33
Q

What kind of organism are Protozoa?

A

Single celled

34
Q

What are commensals?

A

Micro-organisms carried on skin and mucosal surfaces that can cause infection when transferred to another site

35
Q

What are commensals also known as in their natural location?

A

Mocrobiota

36
Q

What is true of microbiota?

A

Normally harmless and often even beneficial when in their normal environment

37
Q

How should an infection history be taken?

A

Symptoms - focal and systemic; severity; duration.

Potential exposures - food, activities, travel, antibiotics/drug hx

ESA3 - Infection (1 decks)

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