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Oncology > 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Lineage - 2 main categories

A

Myeloid

Lymphoid

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2
Q

Lymphoid Malignancies - 2 main kinds

A

Blood - Leukemia

Nodes - Lymphoma

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3
Q

Growth Rate - 2 main categories

A

Indolent (Chronic)

Aggressive (Acute)

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4
Q

Maturity - 2 main kinds

A

Normal(ish)

Immature (Dysplastic)

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5
Q

3 important large concepts

A

Cell Lineage
Growth Rate
Maturity

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6
Q

Indolent Growth

A

Tend to look very similar to the normal cells they arose from. Won’t kill you right away.

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7
Q

Aggressive Growth

A

Cells look dysplastic. Don’t look like their cell of origin. Will kill you right away.

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8
Q

Process Flaws - 2 main categories

A

Proliferation (how quickly cells divide)

Maturation (how much the malignant cells resemble normal cells)

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9
Q

Multipotent Stem Cells give rise to

A

Myeloid Progenitors

Lymphoid Progenitors

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10
Q

Myeloid Progenitors give rise to

A

Myeloid Precursors
Erythroid Progenitors
Megakaryocytes

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11
Q

Megakaryocytes give rise to

A

Platelets

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12
Q

Erythroid Progenitors give rise to

A

Reticulocytes

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13
Q

Reticulocytes give rise to

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

Myeloid Precursors give rise to

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

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15
Q

Monocytes give rise to

A

Macrophages

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16
Q

Hematologic malignancies - where is the genetic mutation?

A

In the Multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow.

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17
Q

Lymphoid Progenitors give rise to

A

T Cells
B Cells
Natural Killer Cells

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18
Q

B Cells give rise to

A

Plasma Cells

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19
Q

T Cell Malignancies - Indolent

A

Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma

Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia

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20
Q

T Cell Malignancies - Aggressive

A

T-ALL

Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma

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21
Q

B Cell Malignancies - Indolent

A

CLL

Follicular Lymphoma

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22
Q

B Cell Malignancies - Aggressive

A

B-ALL
Burkitts Lymphoma
DLBCL

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23
Q

Plasma Cell Malignancies

A

Multiple Myeloma

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24
Q

Normal Proliferation, Immature Maturation

A

MDS

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25
Q

Increased Proliferation,

Immature Maturation

A

ALL
AML
High Grade Lymphomas (eg Burkitts and DLBCL)

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26
Q

Increased Proliferation,

Normal Maturation

A 
CLL
CML
MPNs
Multiple Myeloma
Indolent Lymphomas
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27
Q

Prostate Cancer Rates

A

Haven’t Changed

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28
Q

Lung Cancer Rates

A

Peaked in 1995, then came down with smoking cessation

29
Q

Liver Cancer Rates

A

Haven’t Changed

30
Q

Gastric Cancer - Country

A

Japan - High

US - Low

31
Q

Breast Cancer - Country

A

Japan - Low

US - High

32
Q

Colon Cancer - Country

A

Japan - Low

US - High

33
Q

Cancer Genetics - 2 Kinds of Mutation

A 
Germ Line Mutations (Hereditary)
Somatic Mutations (Acquired)
34
Q

Cancer Genetics - Exposure & Lifestyle Factors

A 
Tobacco
Alcohol
Obesity
UV Exposure
Infection
35
Q

Common Inherited Genetic Abnormalities

A

FAP
HNPCC
Breast Cancer
Li-Fraumeni

36
Q

APC deletion (Chromosome 5) leads to

A

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) - Colon Cancer

37
Q

DNA Repair Gene mutation (specifically the mismatch repair gene) leads to

A

Hereditary NonPolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) - Colon Cancer

38
Q

BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutation leads to

A

Breast Cancer

39
Q

TP53 mutation (Chromosome 17) leads to

A

Li-Fraumeni - Breast Cancer, Leukemia, Sarcoma

40
Q

Environmental Carcinogens - Tobacco

A

Lung Cancer
Head & Neck Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Pancreas Cancer

41
Q

Environmental Carcinogens - Alkylating Agents

A

Leukemia

Bladder Cancer

42
Q

Environmental Carcinogens - Asbestos

A

Lung Cancer
Pleural Cancer
Peritoneal Cancer

43
Q

Environmental Carcinogens - Ultraviolet Light

A

Skin Cancer

44
Q

Environmental Carcinogens - Ionizing Radiation

A

Leukemia
Thyroid Cancer
Sarcoma

45
Q

Environmental Carcinogens - Hepatitis B/C

A

Liver Cancer

46
Q

Environmental Carcinogens - HPV

A

Cervical Cancer
Anal Cancer
Oropharyngeal Cancer

47
Q

Environmental Carcinogens - H. Pylori

A

Gastric Cancer

48
Q

Path Morphology - 2 Categories

A

Benign

Malignant

49
Q

Morphological Prognostic Features

A

Histology

Grade

50
Q

Pathology - 3 Main Concerns

A

Morphology
Mechanisms of metastasis
Effect on organ function

51
Q

Manifestations - Anatomy/Physiology

A

Growth at primary site
Patterns of metastatic spread
Remote or paraneoplastic effects

52
Q

Routes of metastatic spread

A

Direct extension into adjacent tissues (Lung, Gynecologic)
Lymphatic (Breast, Lung, Colorectal, Prostate)
Hematogenous (Sarcomas, Kidney Cancer)

53
Q

Common sites of metastasis

A

Brain (Lung, Breast, Melanoma)
Lung (Breast, Colorectal, Sarcoma)
Liver (Colorectal, Pancreatic, Breast, Lung)
Bone (Breast, Lung, Kidney, Prostate)

54
Q

Cancers that metastasize to bone

A

BLT with a Kosher Pickle:

Breast
Lung
Thyroid

with a

Kidney
Prostate

55
Q

Complication of bone metastasis in the vertebral column

A

Cord Compression

56
Q

Paraneoplastic or Remote Effects

A

Anorexia/Cachexia Syndrome
Anemia
Neurologic

57
Q

Paraneoplastic - Anorexia / Cachexia Syndrome caused by

A

Interleukins

Cachectin/TNF

58
Q

Paraneoplastic - Anemia

A

Anemia of chronic disease

59
Q

Paraneoplastic - Cerebellar Atrophy

A

Small Cell Lung Cancer

60
Q

Paraneoplastic - Eaton Lambert Syndrome

A

Small Cell Lung Cancer

61
Q

Paraneoplastic - Hypercalcemia

A

PTHrP - Non small cell lung cancer

62
Q

Paraneoplastic - Cushing’s Syndrome

A

ACTH - Small Cell Lung Cancer

63
Q

Paraneoplastic - Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A

Small Cell Lung Cancer

64
Q

Treatment - Local

A

Surgery

Radiation

65
Q

Treatment - Systemic Medical Treatment Condsiderations

A

Class of Agents
Mechanisms of Action
Effects
Toxicities

66
Q

Surgical Treatment - Pros & Cons

A

Pro - Removes Tumor Rapidly

Con - No effect on distant disease
Leaves microscopic cancer deposits
Functional and cosmetic limits on the extent of resection

67
Q

Radiation Treatment - Pros & Cons

A

Pro - Effective against microscopic tumors

Con - No effect on distant disease
Large tumor masses may not effectively be treated
Damage to normal tissues within radiation field

68
Q

Drug Treatment - Pros & Cons

A

Pro - Systemic Distribution

Con -
Often non-specific effects, can damage normal cells
Large masses may contain resistant cells
Drug delivery limited to some tissues (eg BBB)

Oncology (23 decks)

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