1. Introduction Flashcards
What is the trend of family size over the human history?
Hunter gatherers: 4-6 children
Middle ages: 10-15 children
20th century: 5 children
21st century: 2 children
What caused an increase in family size in middle ages compared to hunter gatherers?
Lactational amenorrhea no longer effective contraception - don’t brestfeeding the baby on demand - can become pregnant again quicker
What is lactational amenorrhea?
Lactational amenorrhea (LAM) - natural contraceptive phenomenon - breastfeeding disrupts pulsatile release of GnRH - decreases LH - no more eggs released from ovary
To work requires frequent feeds through the day and night - if pattern disrupted - no ammenorrhea
What are the main ART procedures?
- IVF
- ICSI
- ROSI
Explain what is ROSI ART method
ROSI - round spermatid injection
Premature sperm is injected into the egg - taken from testicular tissue - different to ICSI due to level of sperm maturity
What are the main causes of infertility in women with increasing age?
- lower egg quantity
- lower egg quality
Does using a donor egg restore the success rate of live birth in older women?
Yes, completely restores the potential
Is egg freezing an effective approach to preserving fertility?
Not really, more of a lottery - egg quality decreases with age - should ideally cryopreserve at young age for successful pregnancy from the egg
What are the stages of the oestrus cycle?
Stages of oestrus cycle:
- pro-oestrus
- oestrus
- metoestrus
- dioestrus
Explain pro-oestrus stage in oestrus cycle
Explain oestrus stage in oestrus cycle
Explain metoestrus stage in oestrus cycle
Explain dioestrus stage in oestrus cycle
What is the main hormone in each of the oestrus cycle stage?
Pro-oestrus - LH, FSH, little peak prolactin, 17beta-estradiol
Oestrus - little peak FSH, prolactin
Metoestrus - rising progesterone, little peak 17beta-estradiol
Dioestrus - progesterone
What are the changes in the vagina during an oestrus cycle?
