1. Introduction Flashcards
Anatomy definition
the study of structure
Study of structure
Anatomy
study of large structures; unaided eye
Gross Anatomy
What is gross anatomy
large structure; unaided eye, see without help
- cadaviers
What is histology
groups of cells; light microscope
groups of cells; light microscope
histology
Cytology definiton
cell structure; electron microscope
Study of cell structure; electron microscope
cytology
Physiology definition
study of function
study of function
physiology
List the levels of complexity (9)
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecules
Organelles
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
What makes at atom
molecule
what are macromolecules
bunch of molecules put together
atoms make
molecules
organelles make
cells
cells are composed of what level of complexity
organelles
groups of cells are made from
tissues
tissues are responsible for making what level of complexity
organs
Atoms make
molecules
molecules make
macromolecules
macromolecules make
organelles
organelles make
cells
cells make
tissues
tissues make
organs
organs make
organ system
organ system makes
organisms
What is life
the quality that distinguishes a vital and functioning being from a dead body
the quality that distinguishes a vital and functioning being from a dead body
life
List some qualities of life
movement
responsiveness
growth
reproduction
respiration
digestion
absorption
circulation
assimilation
excretion
What are the environmental requirements for life
water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure
Why is the environmental requirement of water important
for chemical reactions
Why is the environmental requirement of food important
part of our makeup, we are what we eat
Why is the environmental requirement of oxygen
for energy production
Why is the environmental requirement of heat important
need heat to keep body temp stable
What is the environmental requirement of pressure
survival in breathing O2 and CO2
-affect ventilation
-circulation for heart
The state of equilibrium of body functions and chemical compositions which maintains a constant internal environment
homeostasis
what is homeostasis
The state of equilibrium of body functions and chemical compositions which maintains a constant internal environment
state of equilibrium is referred to as what
homeostasis
What kinds of things does homeostasis maintain for a narrow range
temperatures, pH, water, blood sugar, etc
Central physiology principal
homeostasis
balance of opposite tendencies meet
equilibrium
what maintains in face of changing external environment
homeostasis: internal body temp is always at 37 Celsius and 98 degrees Fahrenheit
Homeostatic mechanisms is about what
how the body responds to what comes in
Requirements of homeostatic mechanisms
sensor (receptor)
control center with set point
mechanisms for change (effectors)
what does the sensor (receptor) do
Homeostasis part number 1
- detects what is there
EX: glucose or body temperature
- anything that needs to be maintained needs to be sensed
what does the control center with set point do
Homeostasis part 2
- depends
- knows what set point something has to be
EX: brain controls the temperature of our bodies
EX: pancreas, has a set point for glucose
what does the mechanisms for change (effectors) do
Homeostasis part 3
-produces an effect
action does something to something else
What are the three basic components that homeostasis needs to function
- sensor (receptors)
-control center with set point
-mechanisms for change (effectors)
What kind of feedback loop is produced by homeostasis
negative feedback loop
Which feedback loop maintains a normal range
negative
Which feedback loop increases something dramatically
positive
What does a negative feedback do
reduces stimulus changes
effectors against stimulus
What does a positive feedback do
increases stimulus
hormonal spikes can occur
Examples of effectors in homeostasis
muscles or glands
What is the best way to describe the way our bodies are organized
tube within a tube
Body cavities are what
spaces of the body that contain internal organs
spaces of the body that contain internal organs
body cavities
Ventral and Dorsal also mean
Anterior and Posterior
What is the true body cavity
Ventral cavity
name the two body cavities
Ventral and Dorsal
Serous membranes
separates the body cavity from everything
What separates the body cavity from everything
serous membranes
Body cavity is lined by what membrane
serous membranes
How are we organized internally
Digestive tube
- outside the body
extracellular fluids (around cells)
- transported around the body in blood
transported by blood
-nutrients
-waste
The outer tube is also referred to as
the body wall
The digestive tract is considered to be located where
outside the body
What two things are transported by the blood
nutrients and waste
What cavity is formed by the skull and spinal cord
Dorsal Cavity
What 2 subparts are included with the dorsal cavity
cranial cavity: brain
vertebral cavity: spinal cord
Coelomic refers to
true body cavity
What are the 2 subparts that make up the ventral cavity
thoracic cavity: heart and lungs
abdominopelvic: intestines, ETC
-adominal cavity
-pelvic cavity
Which cavity is the heart and lungs in
thoracic cavity, ventral
Which cavity is the brain in
cranial cavity, dorsal
Which cavity is the spinal cord in
Vetrebral cavity, dorsal
Which cavity is the intestines in
abdominopelvic/ abdominal and pelvic cavity: ventral
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
Explain the relationship between the form and function of body parts and give three examples
Every unique part is what contributes to the overall functioning of the human body as a whole. Specifically, the roles of each body part come from the way each is constructed.
-shape of the human ear is constructed to capture sound waves.
-arrangement of bones and muscles in the human hand makes grasping possible as the long jointed fingers are able to perform this function
-form of the heart’s valves and how it allows for the proper movement of blood in appropriate directions.
Explain the relationship between homeostasis and the internal environment
Homeostasis: the body’s ability to keep internal conditions stable for a cell to survive.
What living organisms relate to metabolism and how
The physiological events of respiration, digestion, circulation, and excretion are a major part of metabolism as they obtain, release, and use energy.
Explain the control of body temperature
Homeostatic mechanisms are responsible for regulating body temperature in all humans. The hypothalamus is the control center that signals effector organs when any detection of deviation from the set point occurs.
- overheat: sweat glands and blood vessels change
-cold: shiver, blood vessels constrict
Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular portions of the body
axial: head and neck
appendicular: upper and lower limbs
Identify the cavities with the axial portion of the body
cranial cavity, the vertebral canal (spinal cavity), thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities.
Fluid compartments make up what
Digestive tube, extracellular fluids, transported by blood, nutrients, and waste
extracellular fluid is found where and does what
fluid compartment, stuff transports around in blood
plasma is found where and does what
fluid compartments, fluid in blood
Interstitial is found where and does what
fluid compartments, fluid in between cells
intracellular fluid is found where and does what
fluid compartments, inside cells
Extracellular fluid holds what two things
interstitial and plasma
