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Anatomy & Physiology I > 1. Introduction > Flashcards

1. Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy definition

A

the study of structure

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2
Q

Study of structure

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

study of large structures; unaided eye

A

Gross Anatomy

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4
Q

What is gross anatomy

A

large structure; unaided eye, see without help
- cadaviers

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5
Q

What is histology

A

groups of cells; light microscope

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6
Q

groups of cells; light microscope

A

histology

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7
Q

Cytology definiton

A

cell structure; electron microscope

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8
Q

Study of cell structure; electron microscope

A

cytology

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9
Q

Physiology definition

A

study of function

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10
Q

study of function

A

physiology

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11
Q

List the levels of complexity (9)

A

Atom
Molecule
Macromolecules
Organelles
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

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12
Q

What makes at atom

A

molecule

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13
Q

what are macromolecules

A

bunch of molecules put together

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14
Q

atoms make

A

molecules

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15
Q

organelles make

A

cells

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16
Q

cells are composed of what level of complexity

A

organelles

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17
Q

groups of cells are made from

A

tissues

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18
Q

tissues are responsible for making what level of complexity

A

organs

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19
Q

Atoms make

A

molecules

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20
Q

molecules make

A

macromolecules

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21
Q

macromolecules make

A

organelles

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22
Q

organelles make

A

cells

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23
Q

cells make

A

tissues

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24
Q

tissues make

A

organs

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25
Q

organs make

A

organ system

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26
Q

organ system makes

A

organisms

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27
Q

What is life

A

the quality that distinguishes a vital and functioning being from a dead body

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28
Q

the quality that distinguishes a vital and functioning being from a dead body

A

life

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29
Q

List some qualities of life

A

movement
responsiveness
growth
reproduction
respiration
digestion
absorption
circulation
assimilation
excretion

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30
Q

What are the environmental requirements for life

A

water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure

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31
Q

Why is the environmental requirement of water important

A

for chemical reactions

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32
Q

Why is the environmental requirement of food important

A

part of our makeup, we are what we eat

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33
Q

Why is the environmental requirement of oxygen

A

for energy production

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34
Q

Why is the environmental requirement of heat important

A

need heat to keep body temp stable

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35
Q

What is the environmental requirement of pressure

A

survival in breathing O2 and CO2
-affect ventilation
-circulation for heart

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36
Q

The state of equilibrium of body functions and chemical compositions which maintains a constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

37
Q

what is homeostasis

A

The state of equilibrium of body functions and chemical compositions which maintains a constant internal environment

38
Q

state of equilibrium is referred to as what

A

homeostasis

39
Q

What kinds of things does homeostasis maintain for a narrow range

A

temperatures, pH, water, blood sugar, etc

40
Q

Central physiology principal

A

homeostasis

41
Q

balance of opposite tendencies meet

A

equilibrium

42
Q

what maintains in face of changing external environment

A

homeostasis: internal body temp is always at 37 Celsius and 98 degrees Fahrenheit

43
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms is about what

A

how the body responds to what comes in

44
Q

Requirements of homeostatic mechanisms

A

sensor (receptor)
control center with set point
mechanisms for change (effectors)

45
Q

what does the sensor (receptor) do

A

Homeostasis part number 1
- detects what is there
EX: glucose or body temperature
- anything that needs to be maintained needs to be sensed

46
Q

what does the control center with set point do

A

Homeostasis part 2
- depends
- knows what set point something has to be
EX: brain controls the temperature of our bodies
EX: pancreas, has a set point for glucose

47
Q

what does the mechanisms for change (effectors) do

A

Homeostasis part 3
-produces an effect
action does something to something else

48
Q

What are the three basic components that homeostasis needs to function

A
  • sensor (receptors)
    -control center with set point
    -mechanisms for change (effectors)
49
Q

What kind of feedback loop is produced by homeostasis

A

negative feedback loop

50
Q

Which feedback loop maintains a normal range

A

negative

51
Q

Which feedback loop increases something dramatically

A

positive

52
Q

What does a negative feedback do

A

reduces stimulus changes
effectors against stimulus

53
Q

What does a positive feedback do

A

increases stimulus
hormonal spikes can occur

54
Q

Examples of effectors in homeostasis

A

muscles or glands

55
Q

What is the best way to describe the way our bodies are organized

A

tube within a tube

56
Q

Body cavities are what

A

spaces of the body that contain internal organs

57
Q

spaces of the body that contain internal organs

A

body cavities

58
Q

Ventral and Dorsal also mean

A

Anterior and Posterior

59
Q

What is the true body cavity

A

Ventral cavity

60
Q

name the two body cavities

A

Ventral and Dorsal

61
Q

Serous membranes

A

separates the body cavity from everything

62
Q

What separates the body cavity from everything

A

serous membranes

63
Q

Body cavity is lined by what membrane

A

serous membranes

64
Q

How are we organized internally

A

Digestive tube
- outside the body
extracellular fluids (around cells)
- transported around the body in blood
transported by blood
-nutrients
-waste

65
Q

The outer tube is also referred to as

A

the body wall

66
Q

The digestive tract is considered to be located where

A

outside the body

67
Q

What two things are transported by the blood

A

nutrients and waste

68
Q

What cavity is formed by the skull and spinal cord

A

Dorsal Cavity

69
Q

What 2 subparts are included with the dorsal cavity

A

cranial cavity: brain
vertebral cavity: spinal cord

70
Q

Coelomic refers to

A

true body cavity

71
Q

What are the 2 subparts that make up the ventral cavity

A

thoracic cavity: heart and lungs
abdominopelvic: intestines, ETC
-adominal cavity
-pelvic cavity

72
Q

Which cavity is the heart and lungs in

A

thoracic cavity, ventral

73
Q

Which cavity is the brain in

A

cranial cavity, dorsal

74
Q

Which cavity is the spinal cord in

A

Vetrebral cavity, dorsal

75
Q

Which cavity is the intestines in

A

abdominopelvic/ abdominal and pelvic cavity: ventral

76
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

A

Diaphragm

77
Q

Explain the relationship between the form and function of body parts and give three examples

A

Every unique part is what contributes to the overall functioning of the human body as a whole. Specifically, the roles of each body part come from the way each is constructed.

-shape of the human ear is constructed to capture sound waves.
-arrangement of bones and muscles in the human hand makes grasping possible as the long jointed fingers are able to perform this function

-form of the heart’s valves and how it allows for the proper movement of blood in appropriate directions.

78
Q

Explain the relationship between homeostasis and the internal environment

A

Homeostasis: the body’s ability to keep internal conditions stable for a cell to survive.

79
Q

What living organisms relate to metabolism and how

A

The physiological events of respiration, digestion, circulation, and excretion are a major part of metabolism as they obtain, release, and use energy.

80
Q

Explain the control of body temperature

A

Homeostatic mechanisms are responsible for regulating body temperature in all humans. The hypothalamus is the control center that signals effector organs when any detection of deviation from the set point occurs.

  • overheat: sweat glands and blood vessels change

-cold: shiver, blood vessels constrict

81
Q

Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular portions of the body

A

axial: head and neck
appendicular: upper and lower limbs

82
Q

Identify the cavities with the axial portion of the body

A

cranial cavity, the vertebral canal (spinal cavity), thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities.

83
Q

Fluid compartments make up what

A

Digestive tube, extracellular fluids, transported by blood, nutrients, and waste

84
Q

extracellular fluid is found where and does what

A

fluid compartment, stuff transports around in blood

85
Q

plasma is found where and does what

A

fluid compartments, fluid in blood

86
Q

Interstitial is found where and does what

A

fluid compartments, fluid in between cells

87
Q

intracellular fluid is found where and does what

A

fluid compartments, inside cells

88
Q

Extracellular fluid holds what two things

A

interstitial and plasma

Anatomy & Physiology I (4 decks)

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